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SYMPOSIA
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•••As of February 1, 2002
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| Brain, Mind, and Behavior |
Does the Language We Speak Affect the Thoughts We Think?
Sunday, February 17, 2002 9:00 a.m. - 12:00 noon |
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| Susan Goldin-Meadow, University of Chicago; Lila R. Gleitman, University of Pennsylvania |
| Languages across the globe vary in how they classify experience. Do such variations in classification affect the way people learn and use language? And do they have broader effects on thought and behavior? Benjamin Whorf popularized the notion that linguistic classifications might influence not only how we talk about the world, but also how we think about the world when not speaking. In other words, a speaker's habitual use of a meaningful categorization scheme when talking might affect how that individual categorizes and understands the world even when not talking. In this view, differences across languages help shape the thoughts of their users, and play a powerful causal role in cognitive and cultural diversity. This position fell into disfavor owing in large part to the influence of Noam Chomsky. Chomsky's conception of linguistic theory as positing an innatist account of language acquisition has encouraged a universalist view of the mapping between thought and language. Empirical tests probing this question have not proven convincing to either side in the debate. What has emerged recently is a more systematic effort on both sides seeking to ground the discussion in better empirical efforts. This effort, illustrated in this symposium, involves comparisons across languages and tasks, and across speakers who have and have not been exposed to language. From such an approach, we will not get a yes/no answer to Whorf's thesis but will gain a richer understanding of the complex interaction between language and thought, while setting boundary conditions on the applicability of the hypothesis. |
| 1 | Language Does Not Affect the Way We Think | Lila R. Gleitman (Speaker), University of Pennsylvania |
| 2 | Using the Hands to Think Without Language | Susan Goldin-Meadow (Speaker), University of Chicago |
| 3 | The Language We Speak Affects How We Classify Objects | John Lucy (Speaker), University of Chicago |
| 4 | Relational Language Influences Relational Thought | Dedre Gentner (Speaker), Northwestern University |
| 5 | Language for Thought: Coming to Understand False Beliefs | Jill De Villiers (Speaker), Smith College |
| 6 | CO/W J. DE VILLIERS | Peter De Villiers (Speaker), Smith College |
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Avian Cognition: When Being Called "Bird Brain" Is a Compliment
Friday, February 15, 2002 9:00 a.m. - 12:00 noon |
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| Irene M. Pepperberg, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Russell P. Balda, Northern Arizona University |
| Humans have a long, conflicting history concerning judgments of nonhuman cognitive abilities. Although the phylogenetic closeness of great apes to humans and large brains of cetaceans lead us to anticipate and accept that their communicative and cognitive capacities will resemble those of humans, analogous abilities have not been expected in birds. Over three decades of controlled experimental studies have, however, documented a host of impressive avian cognitive traits. These finding are the result of the "cognitive revolution", which inspired psychologists and behavioral ecologists to move beyond the world of simple S-R models and conditioning, sign stimuli, and innate releasing mechanisms to explore and more openly test a wide range of phenomena. Consequently, animals are no longer viewed as simple, stimulus-bound responders, passive learners or robotic followers of conditioning regimes, but rather as having the ability to collect and retain large amounts of information about their social and physical environments, and to process and use this information to survive. Cognition, like morphological and physiological traits, can thus be viewed as adaptive, shaped by natural selection and as part of the arsenal with which animals cope with the selective pressures imposed by complex, dynamic worlds. Speakers in this symposium explore and emphasize new findings in several specific areas of avian cognition--spatial, social, vocal. This symposium demonstrates that many avian species, despite brain architectures that lack much cortical structure and evolutionary histories and that differ so greatly from those of humans, equal and sometimes surpass humans with respect to various cognitive tasks. |
| 1 | Sex Differences in the Spatial Memory Abilities by Mated Pinyon Jays | Russell P. Balda (Speaker), Northern Arizona University |
| 2 | Integration of Landmarks in Cache Recovery Behavior | Alan C. Kamil (Speaker), University of Nebraska |
| 3 | Social Behavior in Corvids | Alan Bond (Speaker), University of Nebraska |
| 4 | Hippocampus and Spatial Behavior in Birds | Verner P. Bingman (Speaker), Bowling Green State University |
| 5 | Bird Song Development | Donald E. Kroodsma (Speaker), University of Massachusetts |
| 6 | Social Learning of Referential Communication in Grey Parrots | Irene M. Pepperberg (Speaker), Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
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How Infants Begin to Learn Words: Cognitive and Perceptual Factors
Sunday, February 17, 2002 2:45 p.m. - 4:15 p.m. |
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| Peter W. Jusczyk, Johns Hopkins University; Sandra R. Waxman, Northwestern University |
| A critical step in acquiring any language is to learn its words. Until recently, the study of infants' word learning abilities was focused almost exclusively on infants' productions of words. However, the development of new methodologies has made it possible to explore infants' abilities to comprehend words. It is now clear that infants begin to store information about the sounds and meanings of words much sooner than was anticipated, namely, during the latter half of the first year. Word learning draws on a number of perceptual and cognitive abilities. Because most of the words they hear occur in the context of multiword utterances, infants must have some ability to segment words from fluent speech. In addition, because different words often have similar sound patterns (e.g."cat", "pat", "cap") infants must be able to perceive subtle distinctions among words, and to store accurate information about the sound patterns of different words. Critically, infants must link each distinctive sound pattern to its appropriate meaning in the world. How and when do infants decide whether a particular sound pattern is a name for a particular individual (such as "Fido") or to an entire class of objects (such as all dogs)? The research presented in this symposium suggests that many of the individual prerequisite abilities for word learning are in place in the first year. However, the successful coordination of these individual abilities is not immediately achieved and depends on the availability of adequate cognitive resources to integrate different streams of information. |
| 1 | No Title Available | Sandra R. Waxman (Chair), Northwestern University |
| 2 | Introduction | Joanne L. Miller (Speaker), Northeastern University |
| 3 | Learning the Words of the Native Language | Janet F. Werker (Speaker), University of British Columbia |
| 4 | The Conceptual Consequences of Word Learning: Each Word Gave Way to a New Thought | Sandra R. Waxman (Speaker), Northwestern University |
| 5 | No Title Available | Paul A. Luce (Speaker), State University of New York-Buffalo |
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The Biology of Consciousness
Friday, February 15, 2002 2:30 p.m. - 5:30 p.m. |
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| Chris Frith, University College London |
| One of the fundamental facts of being human is that we are conscious; we are aware of the world about us and of our own inner states. Yet, until recently this consciousness was not considered a suitable topic for scientific study. The speakers in this symposium show that it is now not only possible to use scientific methods to study consciousness, but also to ask sensible questions about its biological basis. A key discovery has been that much of our behaviour occurs without awareness. We can reach for an object without being conscious of what we are doing. We can react to a face without being conscious of that face. On the other hand, simply imagining a face causes specific changes in brain activity. Given these observations we can ask a number of questions. A) Is there a special kind of brain activity that only occurs when we are conscious of something and differs from the activity that occurs when we react to something without aware? Such activity would provide a neural signature of consciousness. B) Humans with severe brain damage and animals cannot tell us about their experiences. How can we tell if they are conscious or if they are just behaving without awareness? C) If much of our behaviour can occur without awareness why do we need consciousness ? How did consciousness evolve? What does it enable us to do? These are all questions that the scientific study of consciousness can answer. |
| 1 | Neural Correlates of Consciousness | Geraint Rees (Speaker), Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, London |
| 2 | Consciousness and Coma | Niko Schiff (Speaker), Cornell University |
| 3 | Consciousness in Animals | Daniel Povinelli (Speaker), University of Louisiana-Lafayette |
| 4 | Consciousness and Social Interactions | Chris Frith (Speaker), University College London |
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Images of Mind: Understanding How the Brain Enables Cognition
Saturday, February 16, 2002 9:00 a.m. - 12:00 noon |
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| Randy L. Buckner, Washington University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute |
| Brain imaging methods provide a window through which to view the neural underpinnings of cognition. Moreover, recent methodological refinements in brain imaging allow images to be formed from momentary changes in neural activity providing unprecedented experimental flexibility that is fueling research on attention, language, emotion, and memory. In this symposium, leading researchers discuss recent brain imaging studies on these topics. Several broad questions are addressed including how language develops in children, how semantic information (facts about the world) are stored and accessed, how memories for episodes are formed, how attentional networks monitor ongoing task demands, and how emotional information is represented. Particular focus will be placed on new insights emerging from brain imaging research that extends beyond findings from previously available techniques. |
| 1 | Neural Basis of Semantic Knowledge | Alex Martin (Speaker), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health |
| 2 | Neural Basis of Language Development | Steven E. Petersen (Speaker), Washington University School of Medicine |
| 3 | Neural Basis of Emotional Cognition | Elizabeth Phelps (Speaker), New York University |
| 4 | Building and Retrieving Memories: Insights Into the Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory | Anthony Wagner (Speaker), Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| 5 | Memory in Older Adults | Randy L. Buckner (Speaker), Washington University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute |
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The Cognitive Neuroscience of Mental Imagery
Saturday, February 16, 2002 2:45 p.m. - 4:15 p.m. |
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| Stephen Kosslyn, Harvard University |
| Visual mental imagery is a quintessential "cognitive" event, but until recently has often been considered a marginal field of scientific study. The key problem was that imagery is an inherently private affair, accessible only to introspection. Unlike memory, language, reasoning, or other cognitive events, there are no signature behaviors and studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation that always reflect the presence or operation of mental imagery. The advent of neuroimaging has dramatically altered this landscape. For the first time in history, researchers can catch glimpses of mental images in action, and dramatic progress has been made in understanding the nature and function mental imagery. Neuroimaging studies, combined with studies of patients with brain damage have shown that images recruit most of the same brain areas used in perception-but not all. Thus, in many ways images can "re-present" (stand in) for actual objects, causing the same effects on memory and the body as occur during actual perception. However, the two functions are not identical, and only now are the similarities and differences between imagery and perception becoming evident. The emerging understanding of mental imagery holds the key to applications of imagery in clinical treatment of depression, phobias, and anxiety disorders, as well as the treatment of pain; it also holds the key to applications of imagery in enhancing learning and memory as well as aiding athletes to perform more effectively. |
| 1 | Visual Mental Images in the Brain: How Low Do They Go? | Stephen Kosslyn (Speaker), Harvard University |
| 2 | Imagery in the Sighted and the Blind | Alvaro Pascual-Leone (Speaker), Harvard Medical School |
| 3 | The Mind's Eye and the Brain's Matter: The Neural Basis of Visual Imagery | Marlene Behrmann (Speaker), Carnegie Mellon University |
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The Prefrontal Cortex and Cognition: New Insights into Willful Behavior
Friday, February 15, 2002 9:00 a.m. - 12:00 noon |
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| Earl Miller, Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| What controls your thoughts? How do you decide what to pay attention to? How do you know how to act appropriately while dining in a restaurant or listening to a lecture? How do you plan your day or even a simple errand? This is cognitive control; the mechanisms by which your brain wrests control of its processing from reflexive reactions to the environment in order to direct it toward future aims. This is a hallmark of intelligent behavior and it reaches its apex in humans along with the elaboration of a particular brain region, the prefrontal cortex. It has been known for at least 150 years that damage to this brain region disrupts capacities that are associated with thoughtful, intelligent behavior: the ability to ignore distractions, keep on task, hold items in mind, and control impulses. New theoretical and empirical tools are making it possible, for the first time, to study the relationship between cognitive processes and their underlying neural mechanisms. Increased sophistication in behavioral, neurophysiological, and neuroimaging techniques has provided fodder for development of computational and conceptual models of cognitive control, which in turn, has constrained and inspired further theoretical advancements. As a result, we are now beginning to understand one of the deepest mysteries of the brain: how willful behaviors emerge from interactions between millions of neurons. This symposium highlights these recent developments by bringing together researchers who are at the forefront of experimental, computational, and conceptual efforts to understand cognition. |
| 1 | Computational Models of Cognitive Control | Jonathan Cohen (Speaker), Princeton University |
| 2 | Prefrontal Cortex and the Neural Basis of Cognitive Control | Earl Miller (Speaker), Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| 3 | Attention and Human Prefrontal Cortex | Robert T. Knight (Speaker), University of California-Berkeley |
| 4 | Role of Prefrontal Cortex and Its Dopamine Projection in Normal Development | Adele Diamond (Speaker), Eunice Kennedy Shriver Center |
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Sleep and Memory
Tuesday, February 19, 2002 8:00 a.m. - 11:00 a.m. |
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| Matthew Wilson, Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| Recent research has shed new light on the possible role of sleep and its contribution to the formation of long term memory. This session explores studies of sleep and memory from a human neuropsychological, behavioral electrophysiological, and cellular and molecular perspective bringing together work in human and animal memory studies with topics of hippocampal-neocortical communication, developmental plasticity and the significance of sleep, and the significance and regulation of sleep rhythms as they might relate to the regulation of functional plasticity and intracortical communication. Novel techniques of regional molecular genetic manipulation that are capable of targeting cortical, hippocampal, and thalamic regions coupled with multiregional behavioral electrophysiological measurement of memory reactivation in the hippocampus and neocortex will be examined with particular emphasis on their relationship to long term memory consolidation. |
| 1 | Replay of Songbird Memory in Sleep | Daniel Margoliash (Speaker), University of Chicago |
| 2 | Hippocampal and Neocortical Memory Replay During Sleep | Matthew Wilson (Speaker), Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| 3 | Human Sleep, Memory and Manipulation of Hypnagogic Imagery | Robert Stickgold (Speaker), Harvard Medical School |
| 4 | Developmental Plasticity and the Role of REM and Non-REM Sleep | Michael P. Stryker (Speaker), University of California-San Francisco |
| 5 | Restricted Genetic Knockouts and Memory | Susumu Tonegawa (Speaker), Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
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How the Brain Selects Objects and Commands Movement
Sunday, February 17, 2002 3:00 p.m. - 6:00 p.m. |
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| Peter Schiller, Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| Our interaction with objects in the world is an ever ongoing, stepwise process during our waking ours that involves numerous neural computations. The process begins with sensory analysis that includes the recognition of the objects in the scene and their localization in space. This is followed by the selection of one of the objects to which we intend to make a response. Motor signals are then generated to produce eye, head and limb movements toward this object. Recent work has made great progress in understanding how the brain realizes these objectives. This symposium delineates the current advances made in the field. Speakers will describe the role various neural structures play in this process, will infer how specific they are, will delineate how they interact, and will identify the coding operations involved. The neural structures under consideration by the speakers include regions of the spinal cord, the superior colliculus, areas V1, V2, V4, the middle temporal area, the lateral parietal sulcus, the motor and pre-motor cortices, the frontal eye fields and the medial eye fields. The work is based predominantly on research carried out utilizing recordings from single neurons, microstimulation, pharmacological manipulation, and tissue inactivation. |
| 1 | How Various Cortical Areas Direct the Eyes to Visual Targets | Peter Schiller (Speaker), Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| 2 | Neural Control of Coordinated Movements of the Eyes and Head | David Sparks (Speaker), Baylor College of Medicine |
| 3 | Bimodal Neurons in Motor Cortex for Controlling Defensive Movements | Charles G. Gross (Speaker), Princeton University |
| 4 | The Cortical Control of Movement | Michael Graziano (Speaker), Princeton University |
| 5 | Neural Correlates of Motor Learning | Emilio Bizzi (Speaker), Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
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Reconciling Expressivity and Tractability: Finite-State Methods in Natural Language Analysis
Monday, February 18, 2002 9:30 a.m. - 12:30 p.m. |
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| Lawrence S. Moss, Indiana University; Dick Oehrle, YY Technologies
for the Mathematics of Language |
| The 'holy grail' of mathematical and computational linguistics is a linguistic formalism which is both computationally nice and expressively adequate. However, the formalisms that we have exhibit a kind of trade-off: the better the formalism, the harder it is to compute with. The first place this shows up is in the theory of finite-state (or regular) languages. It is elegant, widely applicable, and computationally pleasant. Yet it is inadequate for linguistics. This Symposium studies what are now called finite-state methods. Many interesting aspects of natural language are finite-state in this bigger sense, and we still have nice computational formalisms. This symposium will first review the theory of regular languages, emphasizing both the advantages and limitations of this approach. It then shows applications of finite-state methods in areas such as morphology (word structure), syntax, and the representation of linguistic events as annotation graphs. The wealth of current work from this perspective illustrates a renaissance. We'll communicate the theoretical perspective motivating this area, its success in applications, and especially, how it addresses the conflicting advantages of expressive power and computational tractability. This is the second in a series of AAAS Symposia designed to heighten general scientific awareness of mathematical investigations of natural language structure and processing by focusing on a particular area of research associated with the Mathematics of Language group. MOL is a special interest group of the Association for Computational Linguistics. |
| 1 | Finite-State Methods and Their Role in Computational Linguistics | Aravind Joshi (Speaker), University of Pennsylvania |
| 2 | Regular Relations and Morphological Analysis | Ron Kaplan (Speaker), Xerox PARC |
| 3 | Linguistically-Motivated Extensions of Finite-State Methods | Lauri Karttunen (Speaker), Xerox PARC |
| 4 | Finite-State Aspects of Annotation Graphs | Steven Bird (Speaker), Linguistics Data Consortium |
| 5 | The Linguistic Significance of Finite-State Techniques | Richard Sproat (Speaker), AT&T Labs |
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Language and Brain: Electrophysiology and Imaging Rewrite
Aphasia-Based Models
Saturday, February 16, 2002 9:00 a.m. - 12:00 noon |
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| Merrill Garrett, University of Arizona; David Caplan, Massachusetts General Hospital |
| How is the capacity for human language expressed in neural systems? This question has its historical roots in the study of language pathologies. Such evidence has provided a framework of general claims for the association of specific regions of the left hemisphere with core linguistic capacities. New research on both normal and impaired language performance using brain imaging and electrophysiological observation during language generation and comprehension has amplified and sharply modified classic claims for brain specializations based on neuropathologies of language. Some of the recent results are: Brain structures not previously identified with language have been implicated in such functions. Syntactic processes historically associated with Broca's area also manifest effects in posterior areas of perisylvian cortex. Distinct subareas within Broca's area are associated with different language processes. Areas adjacent to, but not part of Broca's area, are implicated in syntactic aspects of language generation. Moreover, there is an interaction between developmental processes and localization effects in early acquisition. Degree of left hemisphere specialization is apparently affected by the age of acquisition for a given language. The symposium reviews these and other findings, with special emphasis on the role of cross-linguistic data. Speakers will present results from a variety of languages (e.g., English, German, Dutch, Japanese, ASL). |
| 1 | Localization of Syntactic Processes Based on PET and fMRI Measures | David Caplan (Speaker), Massachusetts General Hospital |
| 2 | Brain Imaging Studies of Language Processing in Italian | Steffano Cappa (Speaker), University of Brescia Medical School |
| 3 | Language Processing Studies Combining Imaging and Electrophysiology Methods | Angela Friederici (Speaker), MaxPlanckInstitute of Cognitive NeuroScience |
| 4 | Brain Imaging and Electrophysiological Studies of Japanese Language Processing | Hiroko Hagiwara (Speaker), Tokya Metropolitan University |
| 5 | The Development of Brain Specializations for Sign Language Systems | David P. Corina (Speaker), University of Washington |
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Speaking, Signing, Reading: Brain Systems that Support Language Use
Monday, February 18, 2002 9:30 a.m. - 12:30 p.m. |
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| Philip Rubin, National Science Foundation; Kenneth R. Pugh, Yale University School of Medicine |
| Among the many extraordinary facts about human language, one of the most striking is the range of its exercise. Speech is the dominant form of language use. But other modalities show powerful and flexible exercise of language skills. Reading and writing of diverse forms attain a speed and accuracy that matches that of the basic speech systems. Even more strikingly, natural signed languages (e.g., ASL, and other signed languages) have arisen in deaf communities. Systematic study has shown these to be fully-fledged languages with all the structural rigor and expressive power of spoken languages. Many classes of evidence demonstrate that these diverse capacities are the product of innately specified constraints on the structure of human languages coupled with powerful systems of learning and adaptation. How do nature and nurture work together to allow this remarkable range of expression? Which areas of brain do these diverse skills have in common? Where do they differ? How does experience affect their expression? Studies that use brain imaging (e.g., fMRI, PET) to identify neural systems for exercise of speech and language can be combined with studies of speech and reading pathologies to provide answers to these and related questions. |
| 1 | Neural Mechanisms Underlying Phonological and Lexical Processing | Sheila E. Blumstein (Speaker), Brown University |
| 2 | Neuroimaging Studies of Reading Aloud in Spoken and Signed English | Guinevere Eden (Speaker), Georgetown University Medical Center |
| 3 | Functional Neuroimaging of Reading and Reading Disability: Brain/Behavior Relationships | Kenneth R. Pugh (Speaker), Yale University School of Medicine |
| 4 | Language, Cognition, and the Brain: Insights from Sign Language Research | Karen Emmorey (Speaker), The Salk Institute of Biological Studies |
| 5 | Specificity and Plasticity of the Language Systems of the Brain | Helen Neville (Speaker), University of Oregon |
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Rethinking the Role of Affiliation and Aggression in Primate Groups
Friday, February 15, 2002 2:15 p.m. - 3:45 p.m. |
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| Robert W. Sussman, Washington University; Karen B. Strier, University of Wisconsin |
| With one exception, all diurnal primates live in social groups. Within these groups, affiliative and cooperative behaviors are far more frequent than agonistic behavior. It is commonly believed that positive social interactions are a reaction to competition necessitated by group living or that they serve as reconciliatory behaviors between competing individuals. However, if conditions favor cooperative behavior and these outweigh any negative conditions, natural selection could favor cooperative social interactions "in their own right". This panel discussion will present data from a number of taxa together with a genetic model that lends support to this hypothesis. Mother-infant interactions and play behavior will be shown to be among the proximate mechanisms that define the parameters of species typical patterns of sociality. This approach may lead to a better understanding of evolutionary foundations of affiliative behavior among humans as well as non-human primates. |
| 1 | No Title Available | Robert W. Sussman (Discussant), Washington University |
| 2 | No Title Available | Paul A. Garber (Discussant), University of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign |
| 3 | No Title Available | James Cheverud (Discussant), Washington University |
| 4 | No Title Available | Agustin Fuentes (Discussant), Central Washington University |
| 5 | No Title Available | Crickette Sanz (Discussant), Washington University |
| 6 | No Title Available | Karen B. Strier (Discussant), University of Wisconsin |
| 7 | No Title Available | Stephen J. Pope (Discussant), Boston College |
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New Neurons in the Adult Brain: Disease, Injury, and Repair
Monday, February 18, 2002 3:00 p.m. - 6:00 p.m. |
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| Fred H. Gage, Salk Institute; Jeffrey D. Macklis, Harvard Medical School |
| Neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons, normally occurs in the adult mammalian brain in only two evolutionarily old regions, the olfactory bulb and the hippocampus, involved in memory. Neurons are born in these regions even in higher adult mammals, such as monkeys and humans. Much has been learned over the past few years about the cellular sources of such neurogenesis; about natural modulators of the extent of neuron birth and survival (e.g. learning, activity, novelty of the environment, age, gender, and hormonal status); and about the physiologic role of new neurons. Why do some neurons continue to be replaced in adult brains? What role do they play in normal brain function, in disease, and following injury? Is it possible to manipulate the precursors, or stem cells, that give rise to these new neurons in the hippocampus and in regions of the brain where neurogenesis does not normally occur, toward the goal of brain repair? These and other questions are fueling much debate and active investigation. The cellular and molecular controls over neurogenesis and its component steps-proliferation, migration, differentiation, survival, and functional connectivity - are being actively investigated. The adult brain possesses much more plasticity than previously thought, but much remains to be learned about the limits and precise control of this plasticity. It appears that there could be remarkable potential for control of neuron birth and incorporation in the normal, diseased, and injured adult brain, if cellular and molecular controls over these events can be harnessed and manipulated. |
| 1 | Neurogenesis in the Mammalian Hippocampus: Cellular Substrate for Function | Fred H. Gage (Speaker), Salk Institute |
| 2 | Role of Neurogenesis in Seizure Disorders and Other Neurologic Disease | Jack M. Parent (Speaker), University of Michigan Medical Center |
| 3 | Role of Neurogenesis in Depression and Other Psychiatric Disease | Ronald Duman (Speaker), Yale University School of Medicine |
| 4 | Induction of Neurogenesis and Circuit Repair in the Neocortex of Adult Mice | Jeffrey D. Macklis (Speaker), Harvard Medical School |
| 5 | Prospects for Functional Brain Repair | Steven A. Goldman (Speaker), Cornell University and Weill Medical College |
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