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Definitions
and Notes
Unless
otherwise indicated, all dollar figures in this report refer
to research and development (R&D), which includes both the
conduct of R&D and support for R&D facilities. Some figures
refer only to conduct of R&D and are noted as such.
This
report uses the National Science Foundation's (NSF) definitions
for R&D, which are used by NSF and the Office of Management
and Budget in the collection of federal government statistics
for R&D. Definitions follow.
R&D refers
to researchžboth basic and appliedžand development activities
in the sciences and engineering as well as R&D plant.
Research
is systematic study directed toward fuller scientific understanding
of the subject studied. Research is classified as either basic
or applied according to the objective of the sponsoring agency.
In basic
research the objective of the sponsoring agency is to gain
fuller knowledge or understanding of the fundamental aspects
of phenomena and of observable facts without specific applications
toward processes or products in mind.
In applied
research the objective of the sponsoring agency is to gain
knowledge or understanding necessary for determining means
by which a recognized and specific need may be met.
Development
is the systematic use of the knowledge or understanding gained
from research directed toward the production of useful materials,
devices, systems or methods, including design, development,
and improvement of prototypes and new processes. It excludes
quality control, routine product testing and evaluation.
Funds
for conducting R&D include those for personnel, program supervision,
and administrative support directly associated with R&D activities.
Expendable or movable equipment needed to conduct R&D, e.g.,
a microscope or a spectrometer, is also included.
The definitions
discussed above constitute "conduct of R&D." R&D plant, or
R&D facilities support, including funds for nonmovable R&D
facilities such as reactors, wind tunnels, or particle accelerators,
or for the construction, repair, or alteration of such facilities.
(A facility is interpreted broadly to be any physical resource
important to the conduct of R&D.)
Figures
may vary between tables. Some tables are based on calendar
years while others are based on fiscal years; some cover only
conduct of R&D while others cover R&D facilities support as
well. Data are collected using a variety of surveys which
yield data that are not always perfectly consistent. Some
data are collecting by surveying the sources of R&D funds
(such as federal agencies) while others data are based on
a survey of recipients. Please refer to the original source
for complete information on how the data are collected.
(Definitions
adapted from National Science Foundation, Federal R&D Funding
by Budget Function Fiscal Years 1994-96, NSF 95-342, 1995,
and other NSF publications)
Publications
in The Future of Science and Technology in the States Series:
The Future of Science and Technology in Arizona: Trends
and Indicators (March 1998) $8.95.
The
Future of Science and Technology in Pennsylvania: Trends and
Indicators (February 1998) $8.95
The
Future of Science and Technology in Florida: Trends and Indicators
(September 1997) $8.95.
The
Future of Science and Technology in the South Atlantic: Trends
and Indicators (September 1997) $8.95.
The
Future of Science and Technology in New England: Trends and
Indicators (February 1997) $8.95.
The
Future of Science and Technology in the Pacific Northwest:
Trends and Indicators (February 1997) $8.95.
The
Future of Science and Technology in Alaska: Trends and Indicators
(September 1996) $8.95.
The
Future of Science and Technology in the Midwest: Trends and
Indicators (August 1996). (On-line version only.)
The
Future of Science and Technology in California: Trends and
Indicators (May 1996). (On-line version only.)
The state
reports may be ordered directly from the AAAS Directorate
for Science and Policy Programs. Please add $2.50 for postage
and handling per order. Orders must be prepaid by check or
accompanied by a purchase order payable to AAAS. Please call
Shirley Young at (202) 326-6600, or fax your order to (202)
289-4950. Direct correspondence to Shirley Young, AAAS Directorate
for Science and Policy Programs, 1200 New York Ave., NW, Washington,
DC, 20005.
Other
AAAS Publications:
AAAS Report XXIV: Research and Development FY 2000,
Intersociety Working Group, 1999. $18.95; $15.16 to AAAS members.
Available May 1999. (A comprehensive analysis of the federal
budget for R&D for FY 2000 by agency, issue area, and discipline).
AAAS
Science and Technology Policy Yearbook 1999, Albert H.
Teich, Stephen D. Nelson, Celia McEnaney, & Tina Drake editors,
1999. ISBN 0-87168-632-5. $24.95; $19.95 to AAAS members.
(A collection of writings on the major science and technology
policy issues of 1997.)
Working
With Congress: A Practical Guide for Scientists and Engineers,
Second Edition, William G. Wells, Jr., 1996. ISBN 0-87168-581-7,
AAAS publication number: 96-2S. $15.95; $12.76 to AAAS members.
Competitiveness
in Academic Research. Albert H. Teich, editor, 1996. ISBN
0-87168-580-9, AAAS publication number: 96-1S. $21.95; $17.56
to AAAS members. (A study on research com-petitiveness commissioned
by the National Science Foundation's EPSCoR program.)
The above
publications may be ordered from the AAAS Distribution Center.
Please add $4.00 for postage and handling per order. Orders
must be prepaid by check or accompanied by purchase order
payable to AAAS. Address: AAAS Distribution Center, P.O. Box
521, Annapolis Junction, MD 20701. For VISA / Mastercard orders
call 1-800-222-7809 (8:30 a.m.-5:00 p.m. ET). Fax orders to
301-206-9789. For shipments to CA and DC, add applicable sales
tax. For shipments to Canada, add the GST. Please allow 2-3
weeks for delivery.
AAAS
World Wide Web Site
Further information on the activities and publications
of the AAAS Directorate for Science and Policy Programs is
available on the AAAS Web site at http://www.aaas.org/spp/
Updated
information on federal funding for R&D is available on the
R&D Budget and Policy Project home page at http://www.aaas.org/spp/dspp/rd/rdwwwpg.htm.
Information
on the Center for Science, Technology, and Con-gress is available
on the Center's home page at http://www.aaas.org/spp/dspp/cstc/cstc.htm.
The full
text, tables, and charts of this and the other regional reports
are available at http://www.aaas.org/spp/dspp/cstc/cstcrm.htm.
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