|
Table
1: Summary of Mechanical Engineering-Related
Programs in the FY 2006 Budget (in millions of dollars)
|
|
FY 2004
Actual
|
FY 2005
Estimate
|
FY 2006
Request
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Department
of Defense
|
11,888
|
13,070
|
10,770
|
|
Department
of Energy
|
2,621
|
2,742
|
2,723
|
|
Department
of Homeland Security
|
304
|
436
|
250
|
|
Environmental
Protection Agency
|
307
|
288
|
250
|
|
National
Aeronautics and Space Admin.
|
1,734
|
1,629
|
1,771
|
|
National
Institute of Standards and Technology
|
621
|
698
|
533
|
|
National
Institutes of Health
|
899
|
910
|
916
|
|
National
Science Foundation
|
336
|
339
|
350
|
Table 2: Detail of Mechanical Engineering-Related Programs in the FY
2006 Budget (in millions of dollars)
|
|
FY 2004
Actual
|
FY 2005
Estimate
|
FY 2006
Request
|
Department of Defense (DOD)
|
Army
|
|
|
|
|
Basic
Research (“6.1”)
|
369
|
393
|
308
|
|
Applied
Research (“6.2”)
|
1,046
|
1,117
|
671
|
|
Advanced
Technology Development (“6.3”)
|
1,187
|
1,385
|
756
|
|
Navy
|
|
|
|
|
Basic
Research (“6.1”)
|
468
|
491
|
448
|
|
Applied
Research (“6.2”)
|
667
|
882
|
598
|
|
Advanced
Technology Development (“6.3”)
|
1,036
|
975
|
730
|
|
Air
Force
|
|
|
|
|
Basic
Research (“6.1”)
|
326
|
383
|
341
|
|
Applied
Research (“6.2”)
|
886
|
946
|
852
|
|
Advanced
Technology Development (“6.3”)
|
1,073
|
1,000
|
788
|
|
Defense
Wide
|
|
|
|
|
Basic
Research (“6.1”)
|
195
|
246
|
222
|
|
Applied
Research (“6.2”)
|
1,737
|
1,963
|
2,018
|
|
Advanced
Technology Development (“6.3”)
|
2,876
|
3,332
|
2,790
|
|
University
Research Initiative
|
275
|
294
|
248
|
|
|
_______
|
_______
|
_______
|
|
Total
DOD
|
11,888
|
13,070
|
10,770
|
Department
of Energy (DOE)
|
Basic Energy Sciences
|
991
|
1,105
|
1,146
|
|
Fusion Energy Sciences
|
255
|
274
|
294
|
|
Nuclear Energy S&T
|
128
|
171
|
191
|
|
Fossil Energy R&D
|
659
|
572
|
491
|
|
Energy Efficiency/Renewable Energy
|
352
|
380
|
354
|
|
Fuel Cell Tech. (Energy Conservation)
|
64
|
75
|
84
|
|
Vehicle Technology (Energy Conservation)
|
172
|
165
|
166
|
|
|
_______
|
_______
|
_______
|
|
Total DOE
|
2,621
|
2,742
|
2,723
|
Department
of Homeland Security (DHS)
|
Radiological and Nuclear Countermeasures
|
106
|
123
|
246
|
|
Anti-missile devices
|
17
|
61
|
110
|
|
Rapid Prototyping of Technologies
|
68
|
76
|
21
|
|
Standards
|
32
|
40
|
36
|
|
Threat Vulnerability and Assessment
|
59
|
66
|
47
|
|
University and Fellowship Programs
|
22
|
70
|
64
|
|
|
_______
|
_______
|
_______
|
|
Total DHS
|
304
|
436
|
524
|
Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA)
|
Sustainability S&T
|
47
|
31
|
23
|
|
Air Toxics Research
|
20
|
18
|
16
|
|
Climate Change Research
|
16
|
21
|
21
|
|
Environmental Technology Verification
(ETV)
|
4
|
3
|
3
|
|
Superfund Innovative Technology
Evaluation (SITE)
|
6
|
7
|
1
|
|
Particulate Matter Research *
|
63
|
64
|
0
|
|
Pollution Prevention Research
|
49
|
33
|
0
|
|
Drinking Water and Water Quality Research
|
90
|
93
|
102
|
|
Science Advisory Board
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
|
Tropospheric Ozone Research *
|
5
|
5
|
0
|
|
Fellowships
|
2
|
8
|
8
|
|
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)*
|
0
|
0
|
71
|
|
Total EPA (with Superfund)
|
307
|
288
|
250
|
*
Consolidates the Particulate Matter and Tropospheric Ozone programs.
National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
|
Aeronautics Technology
|
|
|
|
|
Aviation Safety & Security
|
183
|
185
|
193
|
|
Airspace Systems
|
232
|
152
|
200
|
|
Vehicle Systems
|
641
|
587
|
459
|
|
Exploration Systems Research and Technology
|
677
|
723
|
919
|
|
|
_______
|
_______
|
_______
|
|
Total NASA
|
1,734
|
1,629
|
1,771
|
Exploration
Systems: In FY 2005 and earlier years, Exploration Systems Research and
Technology was Human and Robotic Technology. Some projects have been transferred
from the former Biological and Physical Research program to Exploration
Systems Research and Technology.
National
Institute of Standards
and Technology (NIST)
|
Scientific & Tech. Res. & Services
|
|
|
|
|
NIST Laboratories
|
335
|
373
|
421
|
|
Baldridge National Quality Program
|
6
|
5
|
6
|
|
Industrial Technology Services (ITS)
|
|
|
|
|
Advanced Technology Program (ATP)
|
177
|
140
|
0
|
|
Manufacturing Extension Partnership
|
39
|
108
|
47
|
|
Construction of Research Facilities
|
64
|
72
|
59
|
|
|
_______
|
_______
|
_______
|
|
Total NIST
|
621
|
698
|
533
|
National
Institutes of Health (NIH)
|
NIH-wide SBIR/STTR
|
610
|
612
|
616
|
|
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging & Bioengineering (NIBIB)
|
289
|
298
|
300
|
|
|
_______
|
_______
|
_______
|
|
Total NIH
|
899
|
910
|
916
|
National
Science Foundation (NSF)
|
Chemical and Transport Systems
|
69
|
66
|
69
|
|
Civil and Mechanical Systems
|
67
|
82
|
84
|
|
Design, Manufacture and Industrial
Innovation
|
66
|
64
|
67
|
|
Engineering Education and Centers
(includes ERC and I/UCRC)
|
134
|
127
|
130
|
|
|
_______
|
_______
|
_______
|
|
Total NSF
|
336
|
339
|
350
|
Department of Defense (DOD)
The
FY 2006 request for DOD Science and Technology (S&T) accounts is $10.8
billion, which is $2.3 billion less than the FY 2005 appropriation and
represents a 17.6 percent reduction. The total FY 2006 DOD budget request,
which does not include any funds that may be expended in FY 2006 from
prior or future supplemental appropriations, is $419.3 billion. The 2001
Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) recommended that 3 percent of the defense
budget be allocated to Science and Technology. However, the S&T portion
of total DOD spending will be 2.6 percent.
These
S&T funds support Basic Research (“6.1”), Applied Research (“6.2”),
and Advanced Technology Development (“6.3”) and all categories would experience
significant declines in funding. Basic Research would decrease from $1.5
billion to $1.3 billion, a 12.9 percent decline, while Applied Research
would be reduced from $4.8 billion to $4.1 billion, a 14.6 percent reduction.
The largest reduction would occur in Advanced Technology Development,
which would experience a 24.5 percent decline, from $6.7 billion to $5.0
billion.
The
services’ S&T accounts reflect the general trend of large reductions
described above, and these figures are shown in Table 2. However, the
largest reductions are in the Army’s accounts, where Basic Research would
fall 21.6 percent, Advanced Technology Development by 39.9 percent, and
Advanced Technology Development by 45.4 percent. The only major S&T
component proposed for an increase is “Defense-Wide” Applied Research
(“6.2”) with 2.8 percent, due to a 3.6 percent increase for the Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).
The
budgets for the University Research Initiative (URI) programs that support
graduate education in Mathematics, Science, and Engineering, which were
transferred two years ago from OSD to the individual services, would see
a $46 million or 15.7 percent decrease from $294 million in FY 2005 to
$248 million. (For more on DOD, see Chapter 6.)
Department
of Energy (DOE)
The
Department’s budget for FY 2006 reflects three priorities: keeping DOE well positioned to help
in fighting the war on terror, strengthening our homeland defenses, and
sustaining the momentum of our economic recovery. The administration proposes
a total of $3.47 billion for the DOE Office of Science for FY 2006, a
$142 million decrease from FY 2005. The decrease includes reductions for
nearly every program except for Basic Energy Sciences (up $41 million
to $1.15 billion) and Fusion Energy Sciences (an increase of $17 million
to $291 million). While there are
no major new policy initiatives, there are a number of proposed program
terminations and several programs would see decreases. A few programs
would see significant increases, including hydrogen research (up $33 million
to $257 million), nuclear energy research (up $25 million to $511 million),
the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER, near start
at $50 million), and the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository (increased $79 million to $651
million).
The
FY 2006 budget for nuclear energy research is $191 million, an increase
of $20 million above FY 2005. Within that budget, the largest increase
would be for the Nuclear Hydrogen Initiative (up $11.1 million; $20 million
total), followed by the Nuclear Power 2010 program (increased $6.4 million;
$56 million total), the Generation IV Initiative (up $5.3 million; $45
million total), and the Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative (increased $2.5
million; $70 million total).
The
FY 2006 request of $491 million for fossil energy research represents
a decrease of $81 million from FY 2005. The request includes a $13.2 million
(14.9 percent) increase for the President’s Coal Research Initiative,
including a $21.8 million increase for carbon sequestration research.
Otherwise, funding would decline, including natural gas and petroleum
technologies, which would be reduced to closeout levels (down $34.8 million,
$10 million total for natural gas; down $23.9 million $10 million for
petroleum); ultra clean fuels, which will used for funding hydrogen production
from coal; and cooperative research and development (down $5.3 million;
$3 million total).
The
$1.2 billion total request for energy efficiency, renewable energy (EERE),
and energy conservation reflects a decrease of approximately $48 million
over FY 2005. This is due to the proposed elimination of the $4.2 million
hydropower research program, a substantial reduction in biomass and biorefinery
systems research (decreased $30.4 million; $50.4 million total), and reductions
in weatherization assistance (down $10.8 million; $298.2 million total),
distributed energy R&D (decreased $3.8 million; $56.6 million total),
building technologies (reduced $7.5 million; $58 million total), and industrial
technologies (down $18.3 million; $56.5 million total). Proposed increases in the EERE budget include
hydrogen research (up $5 million to $99.1 million), wind energy research
(up $3.4 million to $44.2 million), fuel cell technologies (up $9 million;
$84 million total), and vehicle technologies, mostly in support of FreedomCAR
(increased $1 million; $166 million total).
Department
of Homeland Security (DHS)
Homeland Security R&D program funding would experience
slower growth in FY 2006 compared to previous years, specifically, an
increase of $44 million (3.6 percent) to $1.3 billion. The Science and
Technology Directorate will assume control of all the agency’s R&D
portfolios and become responsible for 100 percent of the R&D funding.
In the FY 2006 budget request, a top priority in DHS
R&D is radiological and nuclear countermeasures (increasing by 100
percent to $246 million), wherein efforts will be focused on detection
and reporting of terrorists attempts to transport or use nuclear or radiological
materials. Programs will develop new technologies and transfer them to
use in the field. Another top priority is anti-missile devices, termed
counter MANPADS, which is increased by 80 percent to $110 million. The
R&D emphasis would be on the development, prototype and testing of
promising missile technologies effective against man-portable air defense
systems. Increases would be partially balanced by reductions in threat
and vulnerability assessment (down 29 percent to $47 million); standards
development (decreased by 11 percent to $36 million); and rapid prototyping
of technologies (down 72 percent to $21 million.)
The University Programs and Fellowship Programs request
would also decline slightly (decreased by 9 percent to $64 million.) Four
university centers performing research are currently in operation. They
are focused on agro-terrorism, threat assessment, and behavioral and social
aspects of terrorism. Four additional centers will be awarded in FY 2006,
one of which will be specializing in preparations and response to terrorist
attacks. This program also supports fellowships and scholarships for graduate
education and research opportunities for engineers and scientists. (For
more on DHS, see Chapter 12.) Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA)
The
total EPA budget for FY 2006 is $7.6 billion, a cut of 5.7 percent. The
EPA R&D request for FY 2006 is $568 million, down $4 million or 0.7
percent relative to FY 2005. Most of the R&D request will be funded
in the Science and Technology account, which would increase by $1 million
to $536 million. This year’s request for Science and Technology incorporates
significant shifts in the structure of its programs. These shifts include
consolidation of projects and funding of the Office of Research and Development
(ORD) by specific offices within the agency rather than direct funding
to ORD. Funding requests related to mechanical engineering for FY 2006
total $194 million. This is a $47 million, or 19.5 percent decrease from
the FY 2005 request.
The
particulate matter and tropospheric ozone programs would be consolidated
into the NAAQS project. Funding for research on air toxics would increase.
There are two homeland security related initiatives: $11.5 million for
decontamination technology development, and approximately $1.2 million
for radiation response team development. Research funding for drinking
water and water quality would increase (10 percent) in this budget. Also
included is a $44 million homeland security related initiative to employ
sensors and monitoring systems into the nation’s water supply. Projects
in ecosystem science will experience a significant reduction in order
to pay for increases in homeland security initiatives and other higher
priority projects. Although projects in the area of Human Health Risks
would increase overall, research in the areas of risk and dose exposure
would decline. Exploratory grants would fall $5 million, with the remaining
funds to focus on nanotechnology. The Pollution Prevention project would
be replaced by Sustainability, with a decrease in funding of $10 million
spanning all areas of the initiative. (For more on EPA, see Chapter
13.)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA)
NASA’s budget request for FY 2006 is $16.5 billion, an increase of
2.4 percent over the $16.1 billion provided in FY 2005. (The FY 2005 level
does not include a $126 million emergency supplemental.)
The Vision for Space Exploration continues to be the priority in
NASA’s budget. The Space Shuttle and Space Station account for 39 percent
of the proposed NASA budget for FY 2006. Development of the Crew Exploration
Vehicle (CEV) would jump in the FY 2006 budget by more than 500 percent,
from $140 million in FY 2005 to $753 million in FY 2006, as work on the
vehicle destined for test in 2008 gets underway. Project Prometheus, focusing
on the development of nuclear propulsion techniques, would be reduced
due to its potential use on the Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter (JIMO) proving
to be too complex and expensive. NASA is reviewing options before deciding
what mission to substitute for JIMO as a test. Funding for research aboard
the Space Station is proposed for a cut as NASA reorients the program
toward human physiology research.
Mechanical
engineering-related research is primarily conducted in the Office of Aeronautics
(OA) and in the newly formed Exploration Systems Mission Directorate.
NASA proposes $852.3 million for aeronautics technology in FY 2006, a
decrease of $53.9 million from FY 2005. This would include $193 million,
an increase of $7.5 million above FY 2005, for the Aviation Safety and
Security Program; $200.3 million for the Airspace Systems Program, an
increase of $48.1 million; and $459.1 million for the Vehicle Systems
Program, a decrease of $109.5 million. The Exploration Systems Research
and Technology program ($919 million)
National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST)
The
FY 2006 request for mechanical engineering-related R&D at NIST is
$533 million, down $165 million from FY 2005, largely because of the proposed
elimination of the Advanced Technology Program, which Congress funded
at $140.4 million this year.
The
portion of the NIST budget related to mechanical engineering consists
of two components: The NIST laboratory portion of the Scientific and Technical
Research Services budget ($420.6 million proposed, $47.5 million above
the FY 2005 enacted level) and Industrial Technology Services, which consists
of the Advanced Technology Program ($0 proposed, down $140.4 million)
and the newly-named Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership (HMEP
- $46.8 million proposed; down $60.7 million from the FY 2005 level).
The
laboratory budget request reflects an increase ($47.5 million) to provide
the measurement and standards infrastructure to support advances in manufacturing
and to improve measurements and standards for homeland security. With
the additional funds, NIST proposes to use $17.2 million to help the U.S. scientific and industrial communities keep pace with
fast-breaking developments through innovation in biosystems and health,
interoperability, quantum processing, and competence in advanced measurements.
An
additional $10 million of the proposed increase would go toward establishing
a National Nanomanufacturing and Nanometrology Facility, $1.6 million
would help small manufacturers communicate electronically with global
business partners, and $4 million would help align U.S. standards for measuring instruments with international
standards. An additional $1 million is requested to improve the accuracy
of biometrics. (For more on NIST and ATP, see Chapter
13.) National Institutes of Health (NIH)
The total
FY 2006 NIH budget is $28.8 billion, which represents an increase of $195
million or 0.7 percent over FY 2005. Of this increase, $50 million is
slated for radiological/nuclear countermeasures development. NIH R&D
would rise 0.5 percent to $27.9 billion. NIH projects a decline in the
total number of Research Project Grants (RPGs) for the second year in
a row.
The
largest percentage increase in the FY 2006 budget request would go to
the Office of the Director (OD; up 7.6 percent) to boost OD funding for
clinical research, high-risk basic research, and collaborative research
outlined in the NIH Roadmap for Biomedical Research. The Roadmap would
receive $333 million in FY 2006 (up 41 percent), with $250 million coming
from institute budgets.
The
Roadmap initiative should prove beneficial to biomedical engineers accustomed
to working in collaborative environments consistent with the mission of
the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB).
NIBIB’s mission is to improve health by leading the development and application
of emerging and breakthrough technologies based in the biological, physical,
and engineering sciences. One key focus of the Roadmap and the NIBIB is
molecular libraries and imaging; a component of the New Pathways to Discovery
Initiative. The Research Teams of the Future initiative aims to encourage
interdisciplinary collaborations through special funding. There are additional
programs to encourage Translational Research that aim to bring new technologies
more directly to the clinical setting.
Most
of NIH’s mechanical engineering R&D would be associated with NIBIB.
The President’s FY 2006 budget requests $299.8 million for the NIBIB,
an increase of $1.6 million (0.5 percent) over the FY 2005 enacted level.
NIBIB
Extramural Research would decline 0.2 percent, to $276.6 million while
intramural research would grow 35.1 percent to $9.7 million. NIBIB’s Research
Management and Support request is $15.5 million, an increase of 0.7 percent.
(For more on NIH, see Chapter 8.) National Science Foundation (NSF)
The
total FY 2006 NSF budget request is $5.6 billion representing a $132 million
or 2.4 percent increase over the FY 2005 estimate. However,
since NSF received a 3.1 percent ($180 million) cut in FY 2005, the FY
2006 request is actually 1 percent below FY 2004. It should be noted that
the FY 2006 request includes a $48 million transfer from the U.S. Coast
Guard to the NSF to pay for polar ice-breaker activities formally paid
for by the Coast Guard. When this is removed, the actual requested increase
for NSF is 1.5 percent. (For more on NSF, see Chapter
7.)
There are ten activities under NSF’s main Research and Related Activities
(R&RA) account, including the Engineering Directorate (ENG). The FY
2006 budget request for ENG is $580.7 million, a 3.5 percent increase
over the current year estimate. ENG will continue to support research
and education efforts related to broad, Foundation-wide priority areas
in Biocomplexity in the Environment ($6 million), Nanoscale Science and
Engineering ($128 million), Mathematical Sciences ($2.9 million), and
Human and Social Dynamics ($2 million).
Funding for mechanical engineering-related research within ENG reflects
an increase of 3.4 percent to $350.3 million. Mechanical engineering related
programs are often funded outside the selected group and even outside
ENG. Detailed examination of individual programs, however, is beyond the
scope of this analysis. The mechanical engineering related funding increase
slightly exceeds NSF’s overall 2.4 percent rate of increase and is approximately
equivalent to ENG’s 3.5 percent increase. Note that the budget for Civil
and Mechanical Systems (CMS) within ENG includes the operations and research
phase for the Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES).
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