This report is a summary of AAAS estimates and
analyses of appropriations in final FY 2006 appropriations bills
for federal R&D. This report is a preview of the publication Congressional
Action on Research and Development in the FY 2006 Budget (see
the last page).
On December 30, nearly three months into the fiscal year,
President Bush signed the last two FY 2006 appropriations bills into law,
bringing the FY 2006 appropriations process to a close. AAAS estimates that the
federal R&D portfolio totals $134.8 billion in 2006, a $2.2 billion or 1.7
percent increase. But 97 percent of the increase goes to just two areas: defense
weapons development and human space exploration technologies. Funding for all
other federal R&D programs collectively will barely increase, and will fall
nearly 2 percent after adjusting for inflation. Leaving out large federal
investments in development, congressional appropriations for basic and applied
research total $57.0 billion, an increase of $1.0 billion or 1.8 percent over
2005. But NASA applied research on human space flight technologies accounts for
a majority of the increase, leaving most agency research portfolios with modest
increases falling short of inflation, or cuts. Many flagship federal science agencies
have disappointing budgets in 2006: the National Institutes of Health (NIH)
budget falls for the first time in 36 years; the National Science Foundation
(NSF) wins a small increase but has less in real terms for its research
portfolio than in any of the last three years; the Department of Energy (DOE)
Office of Science budget declines, and despite big increases in development
funding the Department of Defense (DOD)’s basic research funding declines.
In the customary year-end crush of legislation,
Congress cleared the final Defense appropriations bill on December 22.
In addition to regular funding for DOD, the Defense bill contained emergency
supplemental appropriations for Gulf
Coast reconstruction, avian
flu preparedness, and Iraq
and Afghanistan
military operations, but to pay for some of these emergencies the bill
also contained a 1 percent across-the-board cut for all discretionary
programs, even those whose budgets had already been signed into law
earlier. Even before the across-the-board cut appeared, the President
and Congress had agreed to cut overall domestic discretionary spending
by nearly 1 percent, but now it appears that domestic spending will
fall almost 2 percent in 2006. In FY 2006, funding for domestic programs
continues on a downward curve after several years of generous annual
increases earlier in the decade, and the federal R&D investment
lands on the same downward side of the slope in 2006.
Highlights of Federal R&D in FY 2006
- The federal investment in research and development (R&D) hits another
record of $134.8 billion in FY 2006, a $2.2 billion or 1.7 percent
increase over 2005 (see Table 1 and Figure
1). But 97 percent of the increase goes just to the two areas of DOD
weapons development and NASA next-generation space exploration vehicles.
Funding for all other R&D programs collectively barely increases,
and will fall nearly 2 percent after adjusting for inflation. Congress
provided $2.5 billion more than the Administration request, primarily
for defense, to improve on an even gloomier 2006 proposal (see Figure
2). After 9 years in a row of increases, federal R&D dips slightly
in real (inflation-adjusted) dollars (see Figure 1).
Figure 1. (click on the image for PDF)
- The nondefense R&D investment rises by $808 million or 1.4
percent to $57.3 billion, better than the steep cut overall for domestic
programs, but nearly the entire increase goes to NASA’s ambitious efforts
to develop new space exploration vehicles (see
Table 1). Excluding NASA, nondefense R&D increases only 0.3 percent, far short of
expected inflation. Although many nondefense
R&D programs win increases, two flagship
civilian science agencies face outright cuts: the NIH budget falls for
the first time since 1970, leading to budget cuts at all but two institutes;
and the DOE Office of Science R&D portfolio falls 0.4 percent in
2006.
- Defense-related R&D in DOD, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS),
and DOE wins a 1.8 percent or $1.4 billion increase to $77.4 billion,
a slight cut from last year’s record total in inflation-adjusted dollars
(see Table 1). Weapons development in DOD
once again accounts for nearly all of the increase (up $1.3 billion
to $59.2 billion), but Congress also rewarded DOD’s “S&T” activities
in research and early technology development with a 1.2 percent increase
to $13.8 billion, in sharp contrast to a requested cut of 22 percent.
But the rapid defense build-up of recent years appears to be cresting:
for the first time in a decade, the defense R&D portfolio fails
to keep pace with inflation, and DOE’s defense
R&D actually falls 2.4 percent to $4.0 billion.
- The total federal research investment (basic
and applied) totals $57.0 billion in 2006, an increase of $1.0 billion
or 1.8 percent over 2005 (see Table 2
and Figure 1). But NASA applied research on new spacecraft to carry
out future moon-and-Mars missions accounts
for a majority of the increase, leaving most agency research portfolios
with modest increases falling short of inflation, or cuts. Even at NASA,
the increase for new vehicles squeezes out funding for other research
areas such as space science, earth science, aeronautics, and biological
research, leaving those areas with budget cuts.
- Because of the emphasis on applied
research in the NASA portfolio and tight budgets in other agencies,
the federal investment in basic research falls 0.5 percent to $26.7
billion in 2006 (see Table 2). More
than 90 percent of the federal basic research investment comes from
just five pieces of the federal budget: NIH, DOD’s “6.1” programs, NSF’s
Research and Related Activities, DOE’s Office
of Science, and NASA’s Science programs. Basic research in 4 out of
the 5 accounts falls in 2006, with only NSF managing a small increase.
NASA’s support for basic research falls the most, by more than 8 percent
to $2.2 billion, as the agency siphons off resources from basic research
in space science, earth science, and biological and physical research
in order to bulk up on spacecraft research.
Figure 2. (click on the image for PDF)
- The National Institutes of Health (NIH) budget
falls in 2006 for the first time in 36 years because of a modest
appropriation combined with the 1 percent across-the-board cut (see
Table 1 and Figure 2). After adjusting for
inflation, NIH has a smaller budget in 2006 than it did in 2003, erasing
the small gains of the last two years. Other R&D funding agencies
with falling budgets in 2006 include the U.S. Department of Agriculture
(USDA), with a 0.4 percent cut to $2.4 billion; and Commerce’s National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) with a 5.0 percent cut
to $438 million, due primarily to the Advanced Technology Program (ATP)
budget falling to a little more than half the 2005 funding level.
- The National Science Foundation (NSF)
budget, after declining in 2005, rebounds to $5.6 billion in 2006,
less than the request. But inflation, the across-the-board cut, and
new non-R&D costs for polar icebreakers leave NSF with less R&D
funding in real terms than in each of the last three years.
-
There are some winners in the nondefense R&D
portfolio (see Figure 2). In addition to the large NASA increase,
Department of Transportation (DOT) R&D gains substantially by 13
percent to $841 million because of additional money dedicated to R&D
in the August 2005 highway authorization bill, bringing the DOT R&D
portfolio to a record high in real terms. DHS continues to expand its
R&D portfolio because of continuing concerns over the nation’s preparedness
against a terrorist attack, although the 3.1 percent increase to $1.3
billion for 2006 is well off the double-digit percentage gains of previous
years. The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is the only agency exempt
from the across-the-board cut and emerges with a 2.7 percent increase
in its R&D portfolio to $805 million. And Congress reverses a proposed
cut for U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) R&D with a 2.1 percent increase
to $553 million.
-
Despite tough times, R&D earmarks set a new record in 2006,
climbing to $2.4 billion in 2006, up 13 percent from last year’s
previous record, according to the AAAS analysis of congressionally designated,
performer-specific R&D projects in FY 2006 appropriations. Although
these projects amount to only 1.7 percent of total R&D, they remain
concentrated in a few key agencies and programs. Five agencies (USDA,
$331 million; NASA, $317 million; DOE, $524 million; the National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in Commerce, $184 million; and
DOD, $852 million) receive 94 percent of the total R&D earmarks,
while NIH, NSF, and DHS remain earmark-free. In some programs, R&D
earmarks make up more than 20 percent of total program funds. (For full
details see the AAAS R&D Funding Update on
R&D Earmarks in the FY 2006 Budget, available on the AAAS
R&D web site).
- R&D focused on several important national missions declines in 2006,
and nearly all fail to keep pace with inflation (see Table
3). Defense R&D (including DOD, DOE’s
defense activities, and a large part of the DHS R&D portfolio) posts
the smallest increase in a decade of 1.8 percent to $77.4 billion, falling
short of inflation but outpacing growth in nondefense
R&D to bring the defense share of total R&D to 57.5 percent,
the highest ratio since the end of the Cold War. But health-related
R&D declines for the first time in more than three decades, by 0.1
percent to $29.8 billion, because of NIH budget cuts. Agricultural R&D,
transportation R&D, and commerce R&D also fall.
The FY 2006 R&D Budget in Historical Context
Figure 3. (click on the image for PDF)
Figure 4. (click on the image for PDF)
For several measures of the
federal R&D investment, final FY 2006 appropriations represent another year
on a downward slope from the highs of a few years ago. For trend after trend,
big increases leading up to 2003 flattened out more recently, and now funding
is headed down in real terms. As Figure 3 and Figure 4 show, both the defense
and nondefense R&D investments decline in real
terms from recent highs.
For defense
R&D, Figure 3 shows that nearly all of the increases in the past
few years to defense R&D have been in weapons systems development,
“6.4” or higher in the DOD classification system. DOD’s S&T investments
(“6.1” through “6.3”), comprising basic and applied research and technology
development, took nearly 20 years to recover from post-Cold War cuts
to narrowly reach an all-time high in FY 2005, but fall in real terms
again in 2006. The S&T accounts fund all of DOD’s investments in
research, including key federal contributions to the support of the
physical sciences, engineering, and other research fields. Even the
overall S&T trend masks a shift in DOD investments: most of the
recent growth has been in “6.3” technology development programs; meanwhile,
DOD “6.1” basic research programs have steadily declined to just 11
percent of the S&T portfolio and have declined steeply in dollar
terms.
Nondefense
R&D peaked in FY 2004 and is now headed down, but for most programs
funding has been stagnant for nearly two decades. Nondefense
R&D did very well between 1998 and 2003 because of the campaign
to double the NIH budget, as shown in Figure 4. The creation of the
DHS also helped to boost nondefense R&D
investments by creating a new area for investment. But all the other
nondefense R&D funding agencies collectively
have seen their budgets remain flat for nearly two decades (see the
red bars in Figure 4), even as the U.S.
economy, the federal budget, and the U.S.
population have all boomed during that time. These non-NIH agencies,
combined with DOD’s research investments, fund nearly all of the federal
investment in non-biomedical research, including the physical sciences,
non-medical life sciences, environmental sciences, engineering, mathematics,
computer sciences, and social sciences.
Figure 5. (click on the image for PDF)
Not surprisingly,
the federal research investment is now on the downward slope
after hitting new highs from the NIH doubling campaign. Federal support
of research (excluding development) peaked in 2004 (see Figure 5), driven
primarily by big boosts to NIH research. But the research portfolio
declines in 2005 and 2006, except for the narrowly focused area of research
on new space exploration vehicles. For non-biomedical research, 2006
will be the third straight year of decline in real terms if one excludes
the NASA space exploration increase. And even biomedical research falls
in 2006 because of budget cuts at NIH.
Most R&D
funding agencies now face budgets that are shrinking to levels of years
past. While it has been 24 years since the NIH budget declined in
inflation-adjusted terms, there is a clear division between the 15 percent
annual increases from 1998 to 2003 and flat or declining budgets since
then (see Figure 7). Other agencies are also adjusting to flat and declining
budgets, such as NSF, or have lived with stagnant R&D funding for
years, such as DOE’s Office of Science and
NASA (see Figure 7). But the downward trend is clear from the 2006 budget
results: NIH, NSF, DOE, USDA, and NASA (excluding human space exploration)
all have less R&D funding in real terms in 2006 than they had in
2003.
Figure 6. (click on the image for PDF)
Federal research investments
are shrinking as a share of the U.S. economy, just as other nations are
increasing their investments. As shown in Figure 6, the federal R&D
investment has plateaued at about 1.1 percent of U.S.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in recent years, buoyed by big increases in
weapons development, but is projected to decline sharply in 2006. But the
federal research/GDP ratio is already falling and falls further in 2006 down to
the historical average of 0.4 percent after briefly increasing during the NIH
doubling campaign. Despite an increasingly technology-based economy and a
growing recognition among policymakers that federal research investments are
the seed corn for future technology-based innovations, the U.S.
government research investment has failed to match the new realities and has
also failed to match the competition. While the European Union goal of boosting
its government research investments by 2010 may not be met, Asian nations are
dramatically increasing their government research investments: both China
and South Korea,
for example, are boosting government research by 10 percent or more annually.
R&D Appropriations for Key Agencies
Full information on final
FY 2006 funding levels and program details for individual agencies is
available in newly revised AAAS R&D Funding Updates on the AAAS
R&D Web site. (The on-line version of this document features
links to the updates; see also the agency chapters in Congressional
Action on R&D in the FY 2006 Budget.)
- The final National
Institutes of Health (NIH) appropriation
for 2006 sticks closely to the request, but an across-the-board cut
contained in another spending bill leaves NIH with a budget of $28.6
billion, down 0.1 percent for the first NIH budget cut since 1970.
After adjusting for inflation, NIH has a smaller budget in 2006
than it did in 2003, erasing the small gains of the last two years.
All but two institutes suffer budget cuts in
2006, with most institute budgets falling between 0.4 and 0.7 percent.
NIH R&D, which makes up 97 percent of the budget, totals $27.7 billion,
also down 0.1 percent (see Table 1).
After five years of big increases to 2003 during the NIH doubling campaign,
NIH now faces a third year of flat or declining funding in real terms
(see Figure 7). NIH had already projected a decline in the number of Research Project Grants
(RPGs) for the second year in a row in 2006,
no inflation adjustment for most new or continuing grants, and a decline
in the RPG success rate for the fifth year in a row down to 21 percent,
but the across-the-board cut will make these funding trends even worse.
R&D in the other Department of Health and Human Services
(HHS) agencies combined falls $25 million or 2.0 percent to $1.3 billion.
The cut, however, is due to the transfer of biodefense
R&D from the Office of the Secretary to NIH; other HHS R&D actually
increases in 2006 because of emergency appropriations for R&D to
combat a potential avian flu pandemic.
Figure 7. (click on the image for PDF)
- The National
Science Foundation (NSF) budget, after declining in 2005, rebounds
to $5.6 billion in 2006, a 2.0 percent increase after a similarly-sized
cut last year. In the final budget modified by an across-the-board cut
of 1 percent, NSF R&D funding ends up back at the 2004 funding level
with $4.1 billion in 2006, a 1.6 percent increase after an equally sized
cut last year (see Table 1). In real terms, the NSF R&D portfolio in
2006 is smaller than in each of the last three years. Most NSF research
directorates receive increases between 1 and 3 percent in 2006, but
in real terms most directorates’ budgets remain below or just even with
2003 and 2004 funding levels. Most of NSF’s education and training programs
suffer steep cuts for the second year in a row. The modest increases
for the research directorates after a cut last year continue to squeeze
NSF funding of competitively awarded research grants: NSF expects to
make awards to just 1 in 5 applications in 2006.
- The Department
of Defense (DOD)
has $73.0 billion
for its R&D activities in FY 2006, $1.5 billion more than last year
for a 2.1 percent increase in contrast to a requested cut (see Table
1). Weapons development programs dominate both the total and the
increase. Congress adds $3.1 billion to the request for DOD “Science
and Technology” (S&T) programs for $13.8 billion, up 1.2 percent
from last year’s record total. S&T, which includes research, medical
research, and technology development, would have declined 22 percent
in the Pentagon request, but Congress allocates a slight increase to
bring funding to 3.3 percent of the total DOD budget. Most DOD services
and agencies gain in FY 2006: the Defense Advanced Research Projects
Agency (DARPA) budget remains flat at $3.0 billion, while the Chemical
and Biological Defense Program (CBDP) sees its budget surge 47 percent
to $1.0 billion. The Missile Defense Agency, however, loses $1.2 billion
in funding down to $7.7 billion. Congress adds millions of dollars for
DOD support of basic and applied research, much of it in the form of
earmarks. Basic research (“6.1”) falls 2.9 percent to $1.5 billion,
but this is an improvement over a 13 percent proposed cut (see Table
2). Applied research (“6.2”) gains 6.5 percent to $5.2 billion, again
despite steep cuts in the Pentagon request.
- The National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
has a budget of $16.6 billion in 2006, $2.5 percent or $400 million
more than last year, but $350 million of the increase is emergency funding
to repair facilities damaged by Hurricane Katrina. But there are big
changes within the essentially flat budget:
NASA’s R&D funding climbs 6.2 percent or $661 million to
$11.4 billion as an expected decline in non-R&D Space Shuttle costs
frees up money for NASA R&D programs (see Table
1 and Figure 2). The entire increase and more goes to Constellation
Systems (up $712 million, nearly tripling to $1.1 billion) for applied
research on the next generation of human space vehicles, leaving funding
for all other NASA R&D programs down. There are steep cuts in aeronautics
research (down 3.4 percent to $930 million), the earth sciences portfolio
(down 8.3 percent to $2.1 billion), and especially biological and physical
sciences research (down 14.4 percent to $791 million). The large R&D
increase comes after a similarly sized cut in 2005, and leaves NASA
R&D funding flat in real terms for the last decade (see Figure 7).
- After a year-end
across-the-board cut, the Department of Energy
(DOE) has $8.6 billion in its final 2006 budget for R&D
activities, a slight cut of 0.1 percent (see Table 1).
Although DOE’s Office of Science (OS) originally received a modest
increase in its R&D portfolio, an across-the-board cut in December
leaves the Science portfolio down 0.4 percent to $3.3 billion. DOE requested
an even steeper cut, but Congress added $130 million in congressional
earmarks and a boost in computing research. The final budget will lead
to dramatic cuts in DOE support of operating times at scientific user
facilities. Energy-related R&D appears to gain 9.6 percent to $1.3
billion because of a rescission in 2005, but actual funding declines
slightly. Congress supports Administration priorities in coal and nuclear
energy R&D, but there are cuts in other energy areas including the
Administration priorities of hydrogen and fuel cells, and earmarks dominate
most energy portfolios. Congress terminates the controversial Robust
Nuclear Earth Penetrator program in 2006.
DOE’s defense R&D declines 2.4 percent
to $4.0 billion, including a steep cut to defense computing research
- The final Department
of Homeland Security (DHS) budget for FY 2006 provides $1.3
billion for R&D, a 3.1 percent increase that slows recent growth
in the DHS R&D portfolio (see Table 1).
R&D to develop countermeasures against weapons of mass destruction
continue to dominate the DHS R&D portfolio, with $210 million for
radiological and nuclear countermeasures R&D (nearly double 2005
funding), including a new Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO),
and $376 million for biological countermeasures. There are large increases
for R&D on more conventional threats, including $44 million for
explosive countermeasures (more than double 2005 funding), $109 million
for R&D to counter portable anti-aircraft missiles (up 79 percent),
and $40 million for critical infrastructure protection R&D. To offset
increases in priority areas, there are cuts in other areas of the DHS
R&D portfolio, including threat and vulnerability assessments, standards
development, rapid prototyping, cybersecurity,
and aviation security.
- Congress agreed on a $2.4 billion R&D portfolio in FY 2006 for the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), a slight cut of $10 million or 0.4
percent that stands in sharp contrast to a requested 15 percent cut
because of hundreds of millions of dollars in earmarks (see Table
1). Congress rejects USDA’s proposals to slash formula funds in
its extramural research portfolio, and instead preserves a balance between
formula funds, competitive funds, and earmarks. Hatch Act formula funding
for land-grant colleges remains at $177 million, in contrast to a USDA
proposal to eliminate half of this funding and shift the funds to a
new $75 million competitive grants program. The National Research Initiative
(NRI) of competitively awarded research grants increases slightly to
$181 million, well short of a $250 million request. Earmarked special
research grants, however, grow significantly from $120 million to $127
million and earmarks also grow in other areas of the USDA budget. USDA
intramural R&D falls to $1.3 billion, primarily because of a drop
in R&D facilities construction funding.
- In a compromise
between steep House-proposed cuts and equally large Senate-proposed
increases, the final Department of Commerce
R&D budget totals $1.1 billion, down 1.5 percent from 2005 after
an across-the-board cut (see Table 1). The
Advanced Technology Program (ATP) survives House and Administration
proposals to eliminate it, though at a little more than half last year’s
funding level with no money for new grants. R&D in the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) increases 1.7 percent
to $661 million in contrast to House and Administration proposals for
steep cuts, but the increase is due to a new earmarked Alaskan fisheries
R&D program, leaving other NOAA R&D down.
- In FY 2006, Interior R&D totals $629
million, a gain of 2.2 percent over 2005 (see Table 1). Congress
reversed proposed cuts to R&D in the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and instead agreed on an increase of $11 million or 2.1 percent to $553
million. R&D funding for Interior remains on a downward trend
for the sixth year in a row.
- The Environmental Protection
Agency’s (EPA) R&D budget barely increases by just 0.2
percent or $1 million to $573 million in FY 2006 (see Table 1). Because of a reduction
in congressional earmarks, most EPA R&D programs are set to receive
slight increases.
- Department of Transportation (DOT) R&D funding climbs dramatically in 2006 to an all-time high of $841
million, a 13.0 percent or $97 million increase (see Table
1), thanks to an August transportation reauthorization bill that
guarantees large increases in highway funding as well as numerous congressional
earmarks. R&D in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) increases
5.0 percent to $276 million in contrast to a requested cut.
- Department
of Veterans Affairs (VA) federal
R&D totals $805 million in FY 2006 (see Table
1), up 2.7 percent from last year and a similar boost over the request.
VA is the only federal agency exempt from across-the-board cuts in 2006.
Budget Outlook: On the Downward Slope
The federal fiscal outlook remains bleak, and the FY 2006 budget results
are likely to be just a preview of what lies ahead. Although the U.S.
Treasury reported that last year’s (FY 2005) federal budget deficit was $319
billion, down from a record $413 billion the year before, the good news is only
a temporary reprieve from record-breaking levels of indebtedness. Much of the
decline in the deficit was due to a one-time surge in tax receipts, while in FY
2006 a large chunk of the billions of dollars for Gulf Coast reconstruction and relief approved in
September will be paid out. Combined with later emergency appropriations for
avian flu, heating assistance, veterans medical care,
and military operations, the FY 2006 deficit could easily approach $500
billion. Although political leaders have made a mantra of restraining the deficit,
they have focused their energies solely on reducing the discretionary one-third
of the spending side of the federal budget: in 2005, their only budget-cutting success
was enacting a 1 percent across-the-board cut for all discretionary programs
and a 1 percent cut for regular domestic discretionary. Meanwhile, billions of
dollars in emergency spending were approved in 2005, and lawmakers could not
agree on a relatively modest $40 billion (over 5 years) reduction in projected
entitlements spending even as a new Medicare prescription drug benefit is
poised to dramatically increase such spending in 2006. Lawmakers continue to refuse
to look on the revenue side of the federal budget: indeed, early in 2006 they
are poised to give final approval to $70-$100 billion (over 5 years) in tax
cuts which would, of course, increase future deficits.
In this budget-cutting environment in which only domestic discretionary
programs are cut, it is no surprise that federal R&D programs find
themselves on the downward slope of funding trends. For trend after
trend, whether it is federal R&D, nondefense
R&D, research funding, or individual agency budgets, funding climbed
between 1998 and 2003 in the years when the federal government ran budget
surpluses and had the wherewithal to boost spending, crested in 2004
after deficits returned, and are now headed down in 2005 and 2006, mirroring
trends in overall discretionary funding. R&D programs have done
slightly better than overall domestic spending in recent years, but
overall the R&D portfolio has moved in lockstep with larger budget
trends.
There seems little hope of R&D funding breaking free, as long as the
larger budget strategy prevails. Although many lawmakers of both parties have
called on the U.S. to dramatically boost its investments in basic research in order to ensure
U.S. innovative capacity and therefore future economic competitiveness, these
proposals have run into a brick wall of tight budgets. Looking back
on 2005, there finally appeared to be bipartisan and widespread recognition
that the U.S. leadership in science and technology, innovation,
and technology-based competitiveness were under threat from emerging
economic competitors, especially India and China, but instead of boosting R&D investments
policymakers cut them to meet restrictive budget targets. And things
could get worse before they get better: the Bush Administration’s FY
2007 budget proposal, due in February, is primed to continue the same
combination of tax cuts, declining discretionary spending, and modest
entitlements reforms that have characterized past budgets, resulting
in what is likely to be another year on the downward slope for most
parts of the federal R&D portfolio.
(The AAAS publication Congressional Action
on Research and Development in the FY 2006 Budget is now available.
The full report is available online.
The full report offers 20 detailed funding tables, several charts,
an analysis of funding trends, and analyses of the impacts of the FY
2006 budget on each of the major R&D funding agencies. Individual
agency analyses, historical tables, agency funding tables, and charts
of recent funding trends are also available on the AAAS R&D Web
site in the “FY 2006 R&D” section.)
- January 4, 2006
