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| Observations on the President's FY 2000 Federal Science and Technology Budget
Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy, NAS/NAE/IOM | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HIGHLIGHTS
In this report, the Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (COSEPUP) provides its observations on the federal science and technology (FS&T) portion of the President's fiscal year (FY) 2000 submission that reflects the portion of the federal research and development budget that is aimed at investment in the creation of new knowledge and technologies. Provided below are the highlights of the FS&T budget:
THE FY 2000 FS&T BUDGET In 1995, the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, and National Research Council issued a report titled, Allocating Federal Funds for Science and Technology, which recommended development of a federal science and technology (FS&T) budget that would reflect the federal investment in the creation of new knowledge and technologies and exclude such activities as testing and evaluation of new weapons systems. This year OMB provides information on the President's proposed R&D budget and a proposed 21st Century Research Fund. As shown in Figure 1, the R&D budget in FY 2000 would be $77.9 billion, the FS&T budget $49.4 billion, and the 21st Century Research Fund $38.1 billion. (For additional information on the three budgets, see Table A-1 at the end of this chapter.)
 The R&D budget incorporates all basic and applied research, and development funded by the federal government. R&D funding normally includes personnel, program-supervision, and administrative-support costs directly associated with R&D activities; laboratory equipment is also included. Defense R&D includes testing, evaluation, prototype development, and other activities that precede production (RDT&E). Funding for R&D facilities includes construction, repair, and alteration of physical plant (reactors, wind tunnels, particle accelerators, and laboratories) used in the conduct of R&D. It also includes major capital equipment used in the conduct of R&D. Independent R&D (IR&D) is not included. (IR&D allows contractors to recover a portion of in-house R&D costs through overhead payments on federal procurement contracts.) The FS&T budget includes the civilian and noncivilian research budgets for all agencies (including "6.1" and "6.2" at DOD) and the development budget for all agencies except DOD and DOE. For the development budget of the latter two agencies, only DOD "6.3" budget categories and the equivalent activities of the DOE atomic-energy defense program are included in the FS&T budget. In addition, the FS&T budget includes R&D facilities and major capital equipment for R&D.
Figure 2: FS&T Budget, FY 1994-FY 2000 The President's $49.4 billion for FS&T in the budget for FY 2000 constitutes an increase of just 0.4 percent from FY 1999 in constant dollars and represents little change in the nation's investment in the creation of new knowledge and technologies. (See Figure 2.) Funding for science and technology continues to compete with other discretionary programs under the spending caps for discretionary programs signed into law in 1997. For FY 2000, there is one cap of $537 billion for all discretionary spending, rather than separate caps for defense and non-defense appropriations as in the past. The President's budget proposes $555 billion in discretionary spending, exceeding the cap. To meet the cap, the Administration proposes $18 billion in offsets, such as a new 55-cent a pack cigarette tax. This year, the $38.1 billion 21st Century Research Fund is the centerpiece of the President's R&D investment strategy and grows by 3 percent in FY 2000. The 21st Century Research Fund is similar in concept to an integrated FS&T budget with the inclusion of DOD basic and applied research, although the two budgets differ somewhat across all agencies in terms of the level of funding and the activities funded. For example, the FS&T budget includes DOD "6.3" and DOE's atomic weapons science activities whereas the 21st Century Fund does not. (See Table A-1.) HEALTH OF THE NATION'S RESEARCH PORTFOLIO Current projections of the FS&T budget indicate a 7.0 percent decline in constant dollars from FY 1999 to FY 2004, according to the AAAS analysis of the outyear projections of the FY 2000 budget. (See Table I-15.) If the projections hold, they pose serious problems for the overall health of the nation's research enterprise. Of additional concern is the future allocation of funding by field. As Figure 3 indicates, HHS receives almost 50 percent of the federal investment in basic research, most of which is concentrated in the life sciences. Funding for the physical sciences relies heavily on DOD, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and DOE, which together provide 33 percent of the federal funding for basic research. Additionally, DOD provides a large fraction of all computer science research funding and graduate education support. Because of its relatively small size, increases at NSF cannot compensate for the significant decreases at DOD or the other mission agencies. The downward trend at DOD could lead to a gradual erosion of such fields of research as the physical sciences and engineering, thus weakening the research enterprise. From FY 1993 to FY 1998, federal obligations for research in the physical sciences decreased by 11.2 percent and increased by only 0.4 percent in engineering, in constant dollars. It appears that the FY 1999 and FY 2000 budgets for mission agencies that support these fields, such as DOD, NASA, and DOE, would continue this trend.
Figure 3. Percentage of Total Federal Spending on Basic Research by Agency, FY 2000 The federal science and technology budget must provide a balanced investment strategy in order for the nation to benefit from all of its investments. It can be expected that as new discoveries are made, new venues of research will be opened and old ones closed or reduced. Reductions in any broad field must be made in the context of the overall research portfolio. Continuing the current distribution of appropriations could distort the nation's research portfolio with adverse long-term consequences for our country. While the results of funding for basic research cannot be predicted, history shows us that basic research in science and engineering lead to unexpected and important outcomes. Often outcomes in one field lead to advances in another field. For example, discoveries in the physical sciences led to development, many years later, of magnetic resonance imaging, an important breakthrough in the biomedical sciences. The nation must be positioned to benefit from the numerous opportunities that the life sciences offer as well as ensure that all broad fields of science and engineering remain vital. SUPPORT FOR R&D AT COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES Federal support for R&D at colleges and universities is a hallmark of the U.S. science and engineering enterprise. Under the President's FY 2000 budget, support for R&D at colleges and universities is essentially flat in constant dollars, up just 0.3 percent from FY 1999. In constant dollars, support for R&D at colleges and universities would be up 16.6 percent from FY 1997 to FY 2000. (Statistics presented here are R&D. However, the vast majority of these funds are in the FS&T budget, because basic and applied research alone comprise $10.7 billion of the $12.7 billion of R&D support for colleges and universities in 1997 and $10.9 billion of the $13.7 billion in 1998.) Table 1: Federal Obligations for Research and Development at Colleges and Universities (millions of constant FY 1999 dollars)
Source: Figures for FY 1998-2000 from AAAS, Table I-7; figures for FY 1997 carried forward from Observations on the President's FY 1999 Federal Science & Technology Budget. When HHS is excluded, however, support for R&D at colleges and universities would increase only slightly.2 The increase in support from FY 1997 to FY 2000 without NIH is only 6.6 percent, and in constant dollars it is only 1.9 percent. DOD support for R&D at colleges and universities would continue a downward trend with a decrease from FY 1997 of 28.5 percent and a 31.7 percent decrease in constant dollars from FY 1997 to FY 2000. DOD provides a major part of the support for such fields as engineering, material science, computer science, and mathematics, so the substantial decrease in DOD FS&T funding could pose serious problems for the health of the nation's research university enterprise (see Table 1). INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FOR THE 21ST CENTURY A major priority of the President's FY 2000 budget is Information Technology for the 21st Century (IT2). (Please see Chapter 23 for more information on this initiative.) SMALLER R&D AGENCIES Under this year's budget proposal, several smaller R&D agencies would receive increased funding. The Department of Education would receive $25 million for the agency's contribution from the Education Research Initiative, a collaborative activity with NSF directed at large-scale research focused on the best approaches to raising student achievement in grades K-3. The Department of Agriculture's Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service would receive $200 million for the National Research Initiative (NRI) which provides competitive research grants. The Department of Transportation's Highway Research and Deployment Initiative would receive a $228 million increase over FY 1999 to support such activities as improving the durability of pavement and bridges, enhancing pedestrian safety, and refining air-quality analysis models. RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENTATION TAX CREDIT The President's budget provides $2.4 billion to extend the Research and Experimentation tax credit until June 30, 2000. The Administration believes the tax credit "helps stimulate additional private sector investment in research and development which encourages technological advancement, leading to higher productivity, and helping to generate new American jobs."3 CONCLUSION In conclusion, an analysis of the FS&T portion of the President's FY 2000 R&D budget shows a slight increase in the federal science and technology research investment from FY 1999. Of particular concern is the effect of decreased funding at DOD for R&D at colleges and universities and, specifically, the effect on academic research in the physical sciences and engineering.
Since 1994, NIH and NSF have received increased funding in real terms. Increases at NIH allow our nation to benefit from the extraordinary opportunities presented in the life sciences. However, successful results from increased funding for NIH depend on the health of the physical and mathematical sciences, as well as that of other fields. The nation must recognize the importance of investing in a balanced way across a broad range of fields to maintain the overall health of the science and technology portfolio. Recent increases in NSF funding cannot begin to compensate for the declines in funding of mission agencies. Such an unbalanced investment strategy will undermine two primary goals of our national research enterprise: that the United States perform at least at world-class levels in all major fields of science and engineering and that the United States should seek preeminence in a select number of fields. 4 1 All constant dollars are FY 1999 dollars. The GDP deflator, which is about 2.2 percent per year in the 1994-1999 period, 2.0 percent per year for FY 1999 - FY 2000, and 2.1 percent for FY2001 - FY2004, is used by both COSEPUP and AAAS in calculating constant FY 1999 dollar figures. 2 NIH provides 99 percent of HHS support for research and development at colleges and universities. 3 "Research and Development Budget: Investments for the Twenty-First Century" February 1999, p. 2. 4 See Science, Technology, and the Federal Government: National Goals for a New ERA, COSEPUP, 1993; Evaluating Federal Research Programs: Research and the Government Performance and Results Act, COSEPUP, 1999. Table A-1: Comparison of Alternative FY 2000 Budgets (millions of dollars)
Source: Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the U.S. Government FY 2000 and AAAS, Tables II-1 and II-11. *Of the $38.1 billion proposed for the 21st Century Research Fund, $1.94 billion is not included in either the R&D budget or the FS&T budget. More than half of the non-FS&T money in the 21st Century Fund ($1.03 billion) is due to the inclusion of almost all of the non-FS&T portions of the NSF budget in the 21st Century Fund (e.g., Education and Human Resources). The remainder is non-FS&T at NIH, Interior, and EPA.
Table A-2: Trends in FS&T
and R&D, FY 1994-FY 2000,
Source: AAAS Tables I-16 and II-1; FS&T figures for 1994-1997
carried forward from Observations on the President's FY 1999
Federal Science and Technology Budget.
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