Bowie, Norman E. University-Business Partnerships: An Assessment. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1994.

Chomsky, Noam, R.C. Lewontin, Ira Katznelson, and Laura Nadar. The Cold War and the University: Toward an Intellectual History of the Postwar Years. New Press, 1997.

Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy. Secrecy: Report of the Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1997.

Foerstel, Herbert N. Secret Science: Federal Control of American Science and Technology. Praeger, 1992.

Moynihan, Daniel Patrick. Secrecy: The American Experience. Yale University Press, 1998.

Presidential Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments. Final Report of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1995.

Relyea, Harold C. Silencing Science: National Security Controls and Scientific Communication. Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1994.

"Secrecy in University-Based Research: Who Controls? Who Tells?" Special issue of Science, Technology, and Human Values Spring 1985, 10(2).

 
University-Industry-Government Collaborations

Benowitz, Steven. "Is Corporate Research Funding Leading to Secrecy in Science?" The Scientist, April 1, 1996 10(7):1 and 6.

Benowitz, Steven. "Wave of the Future: Interdisciplinary Collaborations." The Scientist, June 26, 1995, 9(13):1 and 4.

Blumenthal, David, et.al. "Withholding Research Results in Academic Life Science: Evidence from a National Survey of Faculty." JAMA, April 16, 1997, 227(15):1224-1228.

Burd, Stephen. "Scientists See Big Business on the Offensive." The Chronicle of Higher Education, 14 December 1994.

Campbell, Paulette Walker. "Pacts Between Universities and CompaniesWorry Federal Officials." The Chronicle of Higher Education, 15 May 1998.

Cohen, Jon. "Exclusive License Rankles Genome Researchers." Science, 6 June 1997, 276:1489.

Cohen, Jon. "Share and Share Alike Isn’t Always the Rule in Science." Science, 23 June 1995, 268:1715-1718.

Cho, Mildred K. "University-Industry Research Must Get Closer Scrutiny." The Chronicle of Higher Education, 8 January 1997, B4.

Elliott, Lee and Richard Cairney. "Whose drum are you marching to?" Folio (University of Alberta)18 September 1998.

Frankel, Mark S. "Perception, Reality, and the Political Context of Conflict of Interest in University-Industry Relationships." Academic Medicine, December 1996, 71(12):1297-1304.

Blumenstyk, Goldie. "Berkeley Pact With a Swiss Company Takes Technology Transfer to a New Level." The Chronicle of Higher Education, 11 December1998.

Blumenstyk, Goldie. "Conflict-of-interest Fears Rise as Universities Chase Industry Support." The Chronicle of Higher Education, 22 May 1998.

Holden, Constance. "Company Secrets Don't Stop Science." Science, 8 March 1996, 271:1367.

Jacobs, Madeleine. "Secrecy and Science." C&EN, February 19, 1996, 74:5.

Kahn, Robert L. and Denis J. Prager. "Interdisciplinary Collaborations are a Scientific and Social Imperative." The Scientist, July 11, 1994, p. 12.

Marshall, Eliot. "Need a Reagent? Just Sign Here…" Science, 10 October 1997, 278:212-213.

Marshall, Eliot. "NIH, DuPont Declare Truce in Mouse War." Science, 28 August 1998 281:1261-1262.

Marshall. Eliot. "Secretiveness Found Widespread in Life Sciences." Science, 25 April 1997, 276:525.

Marks, Richard D. "Protecting Intellectual Property Rights in Sponsored Health Care Research Projects." The Computer Lawyer, August 1993, 10(8):1-9.

Pennisi, Elizabeth. "Merck Gives Researchers Knockout Deal." Science, 25 April 1997, 276:527.

Rosenberg, Steven A. "Secrecy in Medical Research." The New England Journal of Medicine, February 8, 1996, 334(6):392-394.

Recent Case Studies:

Dong v. Boots Pharmaceutical

Dong, BJ, et.al. "Bioequivalence of generic and brand-name levothyroxine products in the treatment of hypothyroidism." JAMA 1997, 277:1205-1213.

Rennie, Drummond. "Thyroid Storm." JAMA, April 16, 1997, 277(15):1238-1243.

Vogel, Gretchen. "Long-Suppressed Study Finally Sees Light of Day." Science, 25 April 1997, 276:525-526.

Wheeler, David L. "Journal Publishes Thyroid-Study Report That Had Been Blocked by Drug Company." The Chronicle of Higher Education, April 17, 1997.

Kern v. Brown University

Davidoff, Frank. "New Disease, Old Story." Annals of Internal Medicine, 15 August 1998 129(4):327-328.

Kern, David G. "The unexpected result of an investigation of an outbreak of occupational lung disease." Int J Occup Environ Health 1998; 4:19-32.

Kern, David G., et. al. "Flock Worker's Lung: Chronic Interstitial Lung Disease in the Nylon Flocking Industry."Annals of Internal Medicine, 15 August 1998, 129(4):261-272.

Roush, Wade. "Secrecy Dispute Pits Brown Researcher Against Company" Science, 25 April 1997, 276:523-525.

Shuchman, Miriam. "Secrecy in Science: The Flock Worker’s Lung Investigation." Annals of Internal Medicine, 15 August 1998, 129(4):341-344.

Strosnider, Kim. "Medical Professor Charges Brown U. With Failing to Protect His Academic Freedom." Chronicle for Higher Education, July 18, 1997, A12.

Oliveri v. Apotex Inc.

Bonetta, Laura. "A Duty to Publish." Nature Medicine October 1998, 4(10):1094-1095.

"Naimark Report." Review of policies and procedures at Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto where Dr. Nancy Oliveri is employed.

Oliveri, Nancy, et.al. "Long-term safety and effectiveness of iron-chelation therapy with deferiprone for thalassemia major." New England Journal of Medicine 1998, 339:417-423.

Phillips, Robert A. and John Hoey. "Constraints of interest: Lessons at the Hospital for Sick Children." CMAJ (Canadian Medical Association Journal) 20 October 1998, 159:955-7.

Shuchman, Miriam. "Legal issues surrounding privately funded research cause furore in Toronto." CMAJ 20 October 1998, 159(8)983-986.

Government Policies (selected)

Medical Research Council of Canada, Natural Sciencs and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans. Ottawa: The Councils, 1998.

National Academy of Sciences, Government-University-Industry Research Roundtable. "Actions are Needed to Promote Research Sharing."

National Institutes of Health/Department of Energy. "NIH-DOE Guidelines for Access to Mapping and Sequencing Data and Material Resources." 

National Science Foundation. Grant Policy Manual. Includes info on patents and sharing of results. 

Public Health Service/DuPont. "Memorandum of Understanding between DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company and Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services."

University Policies (selected)

Harvard University, Office for Technology and Trademark Licensing. Biological Material Transfer Agreement.

Howard Hughes Medical Institute. "The Policies: A Quick Summary." Includes info on intellectual property, collaboration, MTAs.

MIT, Technology Licensing Office. Guide to the Ownership, Distribution and Commercial Development of MIT Technology. Includes information on material transfer agreement. 

Pennsylvania State University. Faculty Guide to Sponsored Programs. Discusses freedom to publish, tech transfer, and intellectual property.

Stanford University. Secrecy in Research.

University of California. Patent Policy.

University of Pennsylvania. "The New World of Technology Transfer." 

Related Web Sites on Secrecy in Science

Association of University Technology Managers

Federation of American Scientists. Project on Government Secrecy.