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Convened by the American Association for the
Advancement of Science
Main | Program | Participants
| Synopses
This position statement makes two points:
- Usability and user-centered design are critical to electronic voting systems.
- The ballot metaphor for electronic voting is impoverished and should be
broadened.
Usability and User-Centered Design
Usability is critical to all electronic systems that involve interactions with
people. Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), the science of understanding how people
are going to use a system and the practice of designing in correspondence with
that understanding, is especially critical to voting technologies. If voters cannot
comprehend what is on a ballot, if they cannot easily remember or recognize their
choices, if they have difficulty carrying out the actions required to cast a vote,
if they make mistakes, and if they lack trust and confidence in the voting apparatus,
then there is little point in insuring the security, privacy, and accountability
of their likely erroneous choices.
The user population for voting technology is extremely diverse, consisting
of almost all U.S. citizens over the age of 18. Voters include people with various
perceptual, motor, and cognitive abilities and impairments; speakers of multiple
languages; individuals at all educational and literacy levels and with varying
familiarity and comfort with technology in general, and people with a multitude
of other significant physical, cultural, and experiential differences. Two complicating
factors that add to the usability problem for voting are first, that ballot
contents and voting technologies differ among districts and between elections,
and second, that ballots are designed by election officials without formal usability
training.
Usability standards for many issues such as legibility and comprehensibility
currently exist to help in the design of ballots. Unfortunately, as the Florida
ballots in 2000 showed, it is often difficult to achieve good usability even
with standards. Electronic voting systems introduce a host of new issues for
voters, such as navigability, error checking, and trust in vote recording. It
is critical that guidelines for usability and usability testing be developed
for electronic systems.
Electronic voting technologies allow for the interface code to be separated
completely from other code designed to record, save, and transmit voting information.
It is accepted, good software development practice to make the interface independent
of other aspects of computer programs. The advantage is that the interface can
be tested and modified independently from all other parts of the system, and
then "plugged in" at a late stage of production. This allows for iterative
prototyping of interface elements and it allows for changes in interface technology
to be integrated easily with legacy systems. This practice also allows HCI experts
to develop interfaces, including multiple interfaces to the same underlying
systems, for purposes of user testing. Interface independence, rapid interface
prototyping, and iterative user-centered design and evaluation should be a mandatory
part of the development of electronic ballots in each election cycle.
User-centered design is the practice of involving users and users' perspectives
in the development process. Guidelines for electronic ballots should include
the collection of behavioral data from multiple user groups, and standards should
include behavioral targets for specific groups. A system which fails to meet
behavioral standards, or which has not been user tested, should be treated the
same way as a system that fails to meet security standards or has not undergone
security testing, i.e. it should not be fielded. This requirement would have
to be met anew for each ballot with significant differences. To facilitate this
process, ballot construction toolkits should be developed that can be used by
local elections officials to produce and test various electronic ballot designs.
Beyond the Ballot Metaphor
Current electronic ballots resemble the paper ballot that was originally developed
in the early nineteenth century. That is, they have checkboxes next to textual
names and issues. A significant challenge for electronic ballots will be to
go beyond the paper ballot metaphor.
Within the context of voting, electronic ballots could (among other things):
- Offer online help. A simple example might be a popup window that reminds
a voter how to uncheck a box, but a more problematic example would be an animated
agent that helps explain the text of a ballot issue.
- Interact with voters' electronic devices. A simple example might be the
ability to "beam" a marked-up sample ballot from a PDA into a voting
machine, but a more problematic example would be the ability to send an issue
from the voting booth to someone else and receive advice (e.g. by picture
cell phone), or to allow a third-party template to populate a ballot.
- Offer alternative interfaces according to user preference. A simple example
is the ability to change languages or modalities (e.g. text to voice), but
more problematic examples would be to allow summarized or expanded content,
or dynamic reordering of ballot items.
Many other electronic ballot features could be added to this list. This short
list illustrates the point that there are many issues to be explored once designers
step outside of the paper ballot metaphor.
More broadly conceived, electronic balloting systems should ultimately exist
as part of a larger "voter support system" that helps people to deliberate
and make decisions. Such a system would provide voters with information from
multiple sources, allow voters to connect with each other, support annotation
and information sharing, and otherwise create a true "digital democracy."
A seamless integration of electronic tools for voter-directed information gathering,
deliberation, debate, decision, and voting should be the grand vision, ultimately
supplanting the idea of simply making electronic replicas of paper ballots.
The purpose of considering these unusual ideas now is that new voters (18-20
year olds) and voters of the near future (14-17 year olds) are already using
many such tools. They are comfortable with digital communities and ubiquitous
electronic communication. They already participate in political dialogue in
many existing electronic forums and portals. This user group should be an important
reference community for developers. They can provide more appropriate design
metaphors for the future.
Research Agenda
This position statement raises several research questions. Here is a non-exhaustive
list:
- What new usability issues are introduced in electronic voting systems?
- How do different groups of people (e.g. different ages, education levels,
technology experiences, income levels) interact differentially with electronic
voting systems?
- What human performance standards should be developed for electronic voting
systems?
- How can usability non-experts (election officials) best evaluate new systems?
- How can voters participate in the design of electronic voting systems?
- What types of interface prototyping and ballot construction software tools
might be developed for designers of electronic ballots (usually, election
officials)?
- What is voters' tolerance for rapid prototyping, e.g. new interface features
in each election cycle?
- What new features enabled by electronic voting systems are envisioned and
acceptable to voters, and how might this differ among various voter groups?
- How do new features enabled by electronic voting systems fit into the legalities
and ethics of voting (e.g. privacy, freedom from coercion, prohibition of
political advocacy in the voting area), and how might this differ for various
voter groups?
- Will electronic ballots raise the participation of young people, who currently
vote in low numbers but who use electronic technologies extensively?
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