Newcomb Cleveland Prize Recipients

2023 Recipients

The 2023 Newcomb Cleveland Prize was awarded to Simon C Stähler*, Amir Khan, W. Bruce Banerdt, Philippe Lognonné, Domenico Giardini, Savas Ceylan, Mélanie Drilleau, A. Cecilia Duran, Raphaël F. Garcia, Quancheng Huang, Doyeon Kim, Vedran Lekic, Henri Samuel, Martin Schimmel, Nicholas Schmerr, David Sollberger, Éléonore Stutzmann, Zongbo Xu, Daniele Antonangeli, Constantinos Charalambous, Paul M. Davis, Jessica C. E. Irving, Taichi Kawamura, Martin Knapmeyer, Ross Maguire, Angela G. Marusiak, Mark P. Panning, Clément Perrin, Ana-Catalina Plesa, Attilio Rivoldini, Cédric Schmelzbach, Géraldine Zenhäusern, Éric Beucler, John Clinton, Nikolaj Dahmen, Martin van Driel, Tamara Gudkova, Anna Horleston, W. Thomas Pike, Matthieu Plasman, Suzanne E. Smrekar for their outstanding research article "Seismic detection of the martian core" published in Science 23 July 2021. *Corresponding Author

The core of a planet plays a prominent role because it governs many of the fundamental processes—from dynamo action and magnetic-field generation to mantle convection—that affect the surface through volcanic and tectonic activity and may influence the early climate through magnetic shielding of the atmosphere. There has been considerable uncertainty regarding the nature of Mars’ core, and the size of the martian core is of particular interest because of its notable impact on the planet’s evolution.

Since the Viking lander program, started in 1975, we have known of seismic activity on Mars as evidenced by “marsquakes.” However, the landers utilized in the Viking program were ill-equipped to measure these marsquakes and scientists had to wait until the Mars InSight lander, launched in 2018, to get an accurate picture of seismic activity on the red planet. The ability to properly detect, measure, and record a marsquake on the surface of Mars allowed the interdisciplinary team of Stähler et al. to “see” into the interior of the planet and visualize the martian core for the first time. As the authors state: “the detection of seismic waves reflected from the core stands not only to refine the insights gained from studying the chemistry of the martian rocks, whose siderophile element depletion and isotopic signature point to a core-forming event early in Mars’ history, but also to considerably improve our understanding of the deep interior of Mars.”

With a single seismometer mounted on a lander on a planet over 50 million miles away, an interdisciplinary team of seismologists, geophysicists, geochemists, and others were able to not only narrow down the size of the martian core but also confirm it was in a liquid state and give suggestions for the chemical composition (such a feat on Earth would normally involve upwards of thousands of seismometers deployed across the surface of the planet). Stähler et al.’s findings have important implications for the heat budget and thermal evolution of Mars, but have all raised many important questions, e.g., if the core is liquid, why is there no present-day magnetic field? This and other questions are actively being researched and will no doubt lead to a flood of studies over the coming years.

The conclusions of Stähler et al. not only have implications for understanding Mars itself, but they also are crucial for understanding the processes that have driven the formation of Earth and continue to drive the evolution of our own planet. This paper and other work by the InSight team will serve as a roadmap for future planetary missions in our solar system and eventually beyond.

Past Recipients

Note: No award given in 1942-1945, 1948, 1973, 1975, or 1976. Dates were recalibrated in 2021 to reflect the year of award.

2022

Steffen Breinlinger, Tabitha J. Phillips, Brigette N. Haram, Jan Mareš, José A. Martínez Yerena, Pavel Hrouzek, Roman Sobotka, W. Matthew Henderson, Peter Schmieder, Susan M. Williams, James D. Lauderdale, H. Dayton Wilde, Wesley Gerrin, Andreja Kust, John W. Washington, Christoph Wagner, Benedikt Geier, Manuel Liebeke, Heike Enke, Timo H. J. Niedermeyer, Susan B. Wilde for the research article "Hunting the eagle killer: A cyanobacterial neurotoxin causes vacuolar myelinopathy," published in Science 26 March 2021.

2021

K. W. Bannister, A. T. Deller, C. Phillips, J.-P. Macquart, J. X. Prochaska, N. Tejos, S. D. Ryder, E. M. Sadler, R. M. Shannon, S. Simha, C. K. Day, M. McQuinn, F. O. North-Hickey, S. Bhandari, W. R. Arcus, V. N. Bennert, J. Burchett, M. Bouwhuis, R. Dodson, R. D. Ekers, W. Farah, C. Flynn, C. W. James, M. Kerr, E. Lenc, E. K. Mahony, J. O’Meara, S. Osłowski, H. Qiu1, T. Treu, V. U., T. J. Bateman, D. C.-J. Bock, R. J. Bolton, A. Brown, J. D. Bunton, A. P. Chippendale, F. R. Cooray, T. Cornwell, N. Gupta, D. B. Hayman, M. Kesteven, B. S. Koribalski, A. MacLeod, N. M. McClure-Griffiths, S. Neuhold, R. P. Norris, M. A. Pilawa, R.-Y. Qiao, J. Reynolds, D. N. Roxby, T. W. Shimwell, M. A. Voronkov, C. D. Wilson for the research article "A single fast radio burst localized to a massive galaxy at cosmological distance," published in Science 9 August 2019.

2019-2020

Brian Lovett, Etienne Bilgo, Souro Abel Millogo, Abel Kader Ouattara, Issiaka Sare, Edounou Jacques Gnambani, Roch K. Dabire, Abdoulaye Diabate, Raymond J. St. Leger for the research article “Transgenic Metarhizium rapidly kills mosquitoes in a malaria-endemic region of Burkina Faso,” published in Science 31 May 2019.

2018

Juan Yin, Yuan Cao, Yu-Huai Li, Sheng-Kai Liao, Liang Zhang, Ji-Gang Ren, Wen-Qi Cai, Wei-Yue Liu, Bo Li, Hui Dai, Guang-Bing Li, Qi-Ming Lu, Yun-Hong Gong, Yu Xu, Shuang-Lin Li, Feng-Zhi Li, Ya-Yun Yin, Zi-Qing Jiang, Ming Li, Jian-Jun Jia, Ge Ren, Dong He, Yi-Lin Zhou, Xiao-Xiang Zhang, Na Wang, Xiang Chang, Zhen-Cai Zhu, Nai-Le Liu, Yu-Ao Chen, Chao-Yang Lu, Rong Shu, Cheng-Zhi Peng, Jian-Yu Wang, Jian-Wei Pan for the research article "Satellite-Based Entanglement Distribution Over 1200 kilometers," published in Science 16 June 2017.

2017

James M. Eagan, Jun Xu, Rocco Di Girolamo, Christopher M. Thurber, Christopher W. Macosko, Anne M. LaPointe, Frank S. Bates, Geoffrey W. Coates for the report "Combining polyethylene and polypropylene: Enhanced performance with PE/iPP multiblock polymers," published in Science 24 February 2017, pp. 814-816.

2016

Robert Gütig for the research article "Spiking neurons can discover predictive features by aggregate-label learning," published in Science 4 March 2016, pp. 1041.

2015

Bi-Chang Chen, Wesley R. Legant, Kai Wang, Lin Shao, Daniel E. Milkie, Michael W. Davidson, Chris Janetopoulos, Xufeng S. Wu, John A. Hammer III, Zhe Liu, Brian P. English, Yuko Mimori-Kiyosue, Daniel P. Romero, Alex T. Ritter, Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz, Lillian Fritz-Laylin, R. Dyche Mullins, Diana M. Mitchell, Joshua N. Bembenek, Anne-Cecile Reymann, Ralph Böhme, Stephan W. Grill, Jennifer T. Wang, Geraldine Seydoux, U. Serdar Tulu, Daniel P. Kiehart, and Eric Betzig for the research article "Lattice light-sheet microscopy: Imaging molecules to embryos at high spatiotemporal resolution," published in Science 24 October 2014, pp. 439.

2014

Lulu Xie, Hogyi Kang,Qiwu Xu, Michael J. Chen, Yonghong Liao, Meenakshisundaram Thiyagarajan, John O’Donnell, Daniel J. Christensen, Charles Nicholson, Jeffrey J. Iliff ,Takahiro Takano, Rashid Deane, and Maiken Nedergaard for the report "Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain," published in Science 18 October 2013, pp. 373-377.

2013

Travis A. Jarrell, Yi Wang, Adam E. Bloniarz, Christopher A. Brittin, Meng Xu, J. Nichol Thomson, Donna G. Albertson, David H. Hall, and Scott W. Emmons for the research article "The Connectome of a Decision-Making Neural Network," published in Science 27 July 2012 pp. 437-444.

2012

Vincent Mourik, Kun Zuo, Sergey M. Frolov, Sébastien R. Plissard, Erik P. A. M. Bakkers, and Leo P. Kouwenhoven for the report “Signatures of Majorana Fermions in Hybrid Superconductor-Semiconductor Nanowire Devices,” published in Science 25 May 2012, pp. 1003-1007.

2011

Waseem S. Bakr, Amy Peng, M. Eric Tai, Ruichao Ma, Jonathan Simon, Jonathon Isaiah Gillen, Simon Fölling, Lode Pollet, and Markus Greiner for the research article “Probing the Superfluid-to-Mott Insulator Transition at the Single-Atom Level,” published in Science 30 July 2010, pp. 547-550.

2010

Richard E. Green, Johannes Krause, Adrian W. Briggs, Tomislav Maricic, Udo Stenzel, Martin Kircher, Nick Patterson, Heng Li, Weiwei Zhai, Markus Hsi-Yang Fritz, Nancy F. Hansen, Eric Y. Durand, Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas, Jeffrey D. Jensen, Tomas Marques-Bonet, Can Alkan, Kay Prüfer, Matthias Meyer, Hernán A. Burbano, Jeffrey M. Good, Rigo Schultz, Ayinuer Aximu-Petri, Anne Butthof, Barbara Höber, Barbara Höffner, Madlen Siegemund, Antje Weihmann, Chad Nusbaum, Eric S. Lander, Carsten Russ, Nathaniel Novod, Jason Affourtit, Michael Egholm, Christine Verna, Pavao Rudan, Dejana Brajkovic, Željko Kucan, Ivan Gušic, Vladimir B. Doronichev, Liubov V. Golovanova, Carles Lalueza-Fox, Marco de la Rasilla, Javier Fortea, Antonio Rosas, Ralf W. Schmitz, Philip L. F. Johnson, Evan E. Eichler, Daniel Falush, Ewan Birney, James C. Mullikin, Montgomery Slatkin, Rasmus Nielsen, Janet Kelso, Michael Lachmann, David Reich, and Svante Pääbo for the research article “A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome,” published in Science 7 May 2010, pp. 653-776.

2009

Paul Kalas, James R. Graham, Eugene Chiang, Michael P. Fitzgerald, Mark Clampin, Edwin S. Kite, Karl Stapelfeldt, Christian Marois, and John Krist for the research article “Optical Images of an Exosolar Planet 25 Light-Years from Earth,” published in Science 28 November 2008, pp. 1345-1348 and
Christian Marois, Bruce Macintosh, Travis Barman, B. Zuckerman, Inseok Song, Jennifer Patience, David Lafrenière, and René Doyon for the research article “Direct Imaging of Multiple Planets Orbiting the Star HR 8799,” published in Science 28 November 2008, pp. 1348-1352.

2008

Anoop Kumar, James W. Godwin, Phillip B. Gates, A. Acely Garza-Garcia, and Jeremy P. Brockes for the research article “Molecular Basis for the Nerve Dependence of Limb Regeneration in an Adult Vertebrate,” published in Science 2 November 2007, pp. 772-777.

2007

Hani M. El-Kaderi, Joseph R. Hunt, José L. Mendoza-Cortés, Adrien P. Côté, Robert E. Taylor, Michael O’Keeffe, and Omar M. Yaghi for the report “Designed Synthesis of 3D Covalent Organic Frameworks,” published in Science on 13 April 2007, pp. 268-272.

2006

Jason R. Petta, Alexander C. Johnson, Jacob M. Taylor, Edward A. Laird, Amir Yacoby, Mikhail D. Lukin, Charles M. Marcus, Micah P. Hanson, and Arthur C. Gossard for the research article “Coherent Manipulation of Coupled Electron Spins in Semiconductor Quantum Dots,” published in Science 30 September 2005, pp. 2180-2184.

2005

David D. Awschalom, Yuichiro K. Kato, Roberto C. Myers, and Arthur C. Gossard for the research article “Observation of the Spin Hall Effect in Semiconductors,” published in Science 10 December 2004, pp. 1910-1913.

2004

Brian Kuhlman, Gautam Dantas, Gregory C. Ireton, Gabriele Varani, Barry L. Stoddard, and David Baker for the research article “Design of a Novel Globular Protein Fold with Atomic-Level Accuracy,” published in Science 21 November 2003, pp. 1364-1368.

2003

Thomas A. Volpe, Catherine Kidner, Ira M. Hall, Grace Teng, Shiv I.S. Grewal, and Robert A. Martienssen for the research article “Regulation of Heterochromatic Silencing and Histone H3 Lysine-9 Methylation by RNAi,” published in Science 13 September 2002, pp. 1833-1837 and

Ira M. Hall, Gurumurthy D. Shankaranarayana, Ken-ichi Noma, Nabieh Ayoub, Amikam Cohen, and Shiv I.S. Grewal for the research article “Establishment and Maintenance of a Heterochromatin Domain,” published in Science 27 September 2002, pp. 2232-2236.

2002

Mariana Lagos-Quintana, Reinhard Rauhut, Winfried Lendeckel, and Thomas Tuschl for the report “Identification of Novel Genes Coding for Small Expressed RNAs,” published in Science 26 October 2001, pp. 853-858;

Nelson C. Lau, Lee P. Lim, Earl G. Weinstein, and David P. Bartel for the report “An Abundant Class of Tiny RNAs with Probable Regulatory Roles in Caenorhabditis elegans,” published in Science 26 October 2001, 858-862; and

Rosalind C. Lee and Victor Ambros for the report “An Extensive Class of Small RNAs in Caenorhabditis elegans,” published in Science 26 October 2001, pp. 862-864.

2001

Nenad Ban, Poul Nissen, Jeffrey Hansen, Peter B. Moore, and Thomas A. Steitz for the research article “The Complete Atomic Structure of the Large Ribosomal Subunit at 2.4 Å Resolution,” published in Science 11 August 2000, pp. 905-920;

Poul Nissen, Jeffrey Hansen, Nenad Ban, Peter B. Moore, and Thomas A. Steitz for the research article “The Structural Basis for Ribosome Activity in Peptide Bond Synthesis,” published in Science 11 August 2000, pp. 920-930; and

Marat M. Yusupov, Gulnara Gh. Yusupova, Albion Baucom, Kate Lieberman, Thomas N. Earnest, J.H.D. Cate, and Harry F. Noller for the research article “Crystal Structure of the Ribosome at 5.5 Å Resolution,” published in Science 4 May 2001, pp. 883-896.

2000

Mark D. Adams, Susan E. Celniker, Gerald M. Rubin, and J. Craig Venter for the review “The Genome Sequence of Drosophilia melanogaster,” published in Science 24 March 2000, pp. 2185-2195.

1999

Norman Murray and Matthew Holman for the research article “The Origin of Chaos in the Outer Solar System,” published in Science 19 March 1999, pp. 1877-1881.

1998

Declan A. Doyle, João Morais Cabral, Richard A. Pfuetzner, Anling Kuo, Jacqueline M. Gulbis, Steven L. Cohen, Brian T. Chait, and Roderick MacKinnon for the research article “The Structure of the Potassium Channel: Molecular Basis of K+ Conduction and Selectivity,” published in Science 3 April, 1998, pp. 69-77 and

Roderick MacKinnon, Steven L. Cohen, Anling Kuo, Alice Lee, and Brian T. Chait for the report “Structural Conservation in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Potassium Channels,” published in Science 3 April 1998, pp. 106-109.

1997

Nicholas C. Wrighton, Francis X. Farrell, Ray Chang, Arun K. Kashyap, Francis Barbone, Linda S. Mulcahy, Dana L. Johnson, Ronald W. Barrett, Linda K. Jolliffe, and William J. Dower for the research article “Small peptides as Potent Mimetics of the Protein Hormone Erythropoietin,” published in Science 26 July 1996, pp. 458-463 and

Oded Livnah, Enrico A. Stura, Dana L. Johnson, Steven A. Middleton, Linda S. Mulcahy, Nicholas C. Wrighton, William J. Dower, Linda K. Jolliffe, and Ian A. Wilson for the research article “Functional Mimicry of a Protein Hormone by a Peptide Agonist: The EPO receptor Complex at 2.8 Å,” published in Science 26 July 1996, pp. 464-471.

1996

Michael H. Anderson, Jason R. Ensher, Michael R. Matthews, Carl E. Wieman, and Eric A. Cornell for the report "Observation of Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Atomic Vapor," published in Science 14 July 1995, pp. 198-201 and

Yu Feng, Christopher C. Broder, Paul E. Kennedy, and Edward A. Berger for the report "HIV-1 Entry Cofactor: Functional cDNA Cloning of a Seven-Transmembrane, G Protein-Coupled Receptor," Science 10 May 1996, pp. 872-877.

1995

Georg Halder, Patrick Callaerts, and Walter J. Gehring for the research article "Induction of Ectopic Eyes by Targeted Expression of the eyeless Gene in Drosophila," published in Science 24 March 1995, 1788-1792.

1994

Michael F. Crommie, Christopher P. Lutz, and Donald M. Eigler for the report "Confinement of Electrons to Quantum Corrals on a Metal Surface," published in Science 8 October 1993, pp. 218-220 and

Jerome Faist, Federico Capasso, Deborah L. Sivco, Carlo Sitori, Albert L. Hutchinson, and Alfred Y. Cho for the report "Quantum Cascade Laser," published in Science 22 April 1994, pp. 553-556.

1993

Michael J. Mahan, James M. Slauch, and John J. Mekalanos for the report "Selection of Bacterial Virulence Genes That Are Specifically Induced in Host Tissues," published in Science 29 January 1993, pp. 686-688.

1992

Paul D. Quay, Bronte Tilbrook, and C. S. Wong for the research article "Oceanic Uptake of Fossil Fuel CO2; Carbon-13 Evidence," published in Science 3 April 1992, pp. 74-79.

1991

Stephen P. Fodor, J. Leighton Read, Michael C. Pirrung, Lubert Stryer, Amy Tsai Lu, and Dennis Solas for the research article "Light-Directed, Spatially Addressable Parallel Chemical Synthesis," published in Science 15 February 1991, pp. 767-773.

1990

Margaret J. Geller and John P. Huchra for the article "Mapping the Universe," published in Science 17 November 1989, pp. 897-903.

1989

William H. Landschulz, Peter F. Johnson and Steven L. McKnight for the research article, "The Leucine Zipper: A Hypothetical Structure Common to a New Class of DNA Binding Proteins," published in Science 24 June 1988, pp. 1759-1764 and

William H. Landschulz, Peter F. Johnson and Steven L. McKnight for the research article, "The DNA Binding Domain of the Rat Liver Nuclear Protein C/EBP Is Bipartite," published in Science 31 March 1989, pp. 1681-1688.

1988

Margaret A. Tolbert, Michel J. Rossi, Ripudaman Malhotra, and David M. Golden for the report "Reaction of Chlorine Nitrate with Hydrogen Chloride and Water at Antarctic Stratospheric Temperatures," published in Science 27 November 1987, pp. 1258-1260.

1987

Mario Molina, Tai-Ly Tso, Luisa T. Molina, and Frank C.-Y. Wang for the research article "Antarctic Stratospheric Chemistry of Chlorine Nitrate, Hydrogen Chloride, and Ice: Release of Active Chlorine," published in Science 27 November 1987, pp. 1253-1257.

1986

Arthur J. Zaug and Thomas R. Cech for the research article "The Intervening Sequence RNA of Tetrahymena Is an Enzyme," published in Science 31 January 1986, pp. 470-475; 

Jeremy Nathans, Darcy Thomas, and David S. Hogness for the research article “Molecular genetics of human color vision: the genes encoding blue, green, and red pigments,” Science 11 April 1986, pp. 193-202; and

Jeremy Nathans, Thomas P. Piantanida, Roger L. Eddy, Thomas B. Shows, and David S. Hogness for the research article “Molecular genetics of inherited variation in human color vision,” published in Science 11 April 1986, pp. 203-210.

1985

James M. Hogle, Marie Chow, and David J. Filman for the research article "Three-Dimensional Structure of Poliovirus at 2.9 Å Resolution," published Science 27 September 1985, pp. 1358-1365.

1984

Sally M. Rigden, Thomas J. Ahrens, and Edward M. Stolper for the report "Densities of liquid silicates at high pressures," published in Science 30 November 1984, pp. 1071-1074.

1983

Allan C. Spradling and Gerald M. Rubin for the article "Transposition of cloned P Elements into Drosophila germ line chromosomes," published in Science 22 October 1982, pp. 341-347 and

Gerald M. Rubin and Allan C. Spradling for the article "Genetic transformation of Drosophila with transposable element vectors," published in Science 22 October 1982, pp. 348-353.

1982

Dennis G. Kleid, Daniel Yansura, Barbara Small, Donald Dowbenko, Douglas M. Moore, Marvin J. Grubman, Peter D. McKercher, Donald O. Morgan, Betty H. Robertson, and Howard L. Bachrach for the report "Cloned Viral Protein Vaccine for Foot-and-Mouth Disease: Responses in Cattle and Swine," published in Science 4 December 1981, pp. 1125-1129.

1981

Robert Axelrod and William D. Hamilton for the article "The Evolution of Cooperation," published in Science 27 March 1981, pp. 1390-1396.

1980

F. N. Spiess, Ken C. Macdonald, T. Atwater, R. Ballard, A. Carranza, D. Cordoba, C. Cox, V. M. Diaz Garcia, J. Francheteau, J. Guerrero, J. Hawkins, R. Haymon, R. Hessler, J. Juteau, M. Kastner, R. Larson, B. Luyendyk, J. D. Macdougall, S. Miller, W. Normark, J. Orcutt, and C. Rangin for the article "East Pacific Rise: Hot Springs and Geophysical Experiments," published in Science 28 March 1980, pp. 1421-1433.

1979

Stanton J. Peale, Patrick M. Cassen, and Ray T. Reynolds for the report "Melting of Io by Tidal Dissipation," published in Science 2 March 1979, pp. 892-894.

1978

Eric I. Knudsen, Masakazu Konishi, and John D. Pettigrew for the report "Receptive Fields of Auditory Neurons in the Owl," published in Science 23 December 1977, pp. 1278-1280 and

Eric I. Knudsen and Masakazu Konishi for the report "A Neural Map of Auditory Space in the Owl," published in Science 19 May 1978, pp. 795-797.

1977

Viking Mission scientists for papers published in Science 27 August, 1 October, and 17 December 1976:

Gerald A. Soffen and C. W. Snyder for the report “The First Viking Mission to Mars,” published in Science 27 August 1976, pp. 759-766;

Michael H. Carr, Harold Masursky, William A. Baum, Karl R. Blasius, Geoffrey A. Briggs, James A. Cutts, Thomas Duxbury, Ronald Greeley, John E. Guest, Bradford A. Smith, Laurence A. Soderblom, Joseph Veverka, and John B. Wellman for the report “Preliminary Results from the Viking Orbiter Imaging Experiment,” published in Science 27 August 1976, pp. 766-776;

Crofton B. Farmer, Donald W. Davies, and Daniel D. LaPorte for the report “Viking: Mars Atmospheric Water Vapor Mapping Experiment—Preliminary Report of Results,” published in Science 27 August 1976, pp.776-780;

Hugh H. Kieffer, Stillman C. Chase Jr., Ellis D. Miner, Frank Don Palluconi, Guido Münch, Gerry Neugebauer, and Terry Z. Martin for the report “Infrared Thermal Mapping of the Martian Surface and Atmosphere: First Results,” published in Science 27 August 1976, pp. 780-786;

A. O. Nier, W. B. Hanson, A. Seiff, M. B. Mcelroy, N. W. Spencer, R. J. Duckett, T. C. D. Knight, and W. S. Cook for the report “Composition and Structure of the Martian Atmosphere: Preliminary Results from Viking 1,” published in Science 27 August 1976, pp. 786-788;

S. L. Hess, R. M. Henry, C. B. Leovy, J. A. Ryan, J. E. Tillman, T. E. Chamberlain, H. L. Cole, R. G. Dutton, G. C. Greene, W. E. Simon, and J. L. Mitchell for the report “Preliminary Meteorological Results on Mars from the Viking 1 Lander,” published in Science 27 August 1976, pp. 788-791;

Thomas A. Mutch, Alan B. Binder, Friedrich O. Huck, Elliott C. Levinthal, Sidney Liebes Jr., Elliot C. Morris, William R. Patterson, James B. Pollack, Carl Sagan, and Glenn R. Taylor for the report “The Surface of Mars: The View from the Viking 1 Lander," published in Science 27 August 1976, pp. 791-801;

Tobias Owen and K. Biemann for the report “Composition of the Atmosphere at the Surface of Mars: Detection of Argon-36 and Preliminary Analysis,” published in Science 27 August 1976, pp. 801-803;

W. H. Michael Jr., R. H. Tolson, A. P. Mayo, W. T. Blackshear, G. M. Kelly, D. L. Cain, J. P. Brenkle, I. I. Shapiro, and R. D. Reasenberg for the report “Viking Lander Location and Spin Axis of Mars: Determination from Radio Tracking Data,” published in Science 27 August 1976, pp. 803;

Benton C. Clark, Priestley Toulmin III, A. K. Baird, Klaus Keil, and Harry J. Rose for the report “Argon Content of the Martian Atmosphere at the Viking 1 Landing Site: Analysis by X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy,” published in Science 27 August 1976, pp. 804-805;

Richard W. Shorthill, Robert E. Hutton, Henry J. Moore II, Ronald F. Scott, and Cary R. Spitzer for the report “Physical Properties of the Martian Surface from the Viking 1 Lander: Preliminary Results,” published in Science 27 August 1976, pp. 805-809;

H. Masursky and N. L. Crabill for the report “The Viking Landing Sites: Selection and Certification,” published in Science 27 August 1976, pp. 809-812;

G. L. Tyler, D. B. Campbell, G. S. Downs, R. R. Green, and Henry J. Moore II for the report “Radar Characteristics of Viking 1 Landing Sites,” published in Science 27 August 1976, pp. 812-815;

Gerald A. Soffen for the report “Status of the Viking Missions,” published in Science 1 October 1976, pp. 57-59;

B. Gentry Lee for the report “Mission Operations Strategy for Viking,” published in Science 1 October 1976, pp. 59-62;

H. Masursky and N. L. Crabill for the report “Search for the Viking 2 Landing Site,” published in Science 1 October 1976, pp. 62-68;

Michael B. McElroy and Yuk Ling Yung for the report “Isotopic Composition of the Martian Atmosphere,” published in Science 1 October 1976, pp. 68-70;

Michael B. McElroy, Yuk Ling Yung, and Alfred O. Nier for the report “Isotopic Composition of Nitrogen: Implications for the Past History of Mars' Atmosphere,” published in Science 1 October 1976, pp. 70-72;

K. Biemann, J. Oro, P. Toulmin III, L. E. Orgel, A. O. Nier, D. M. Anderson, P. G. Simmonds, D. Flory, A. V. Diaz, D. R. Rushneck, and J. A. Biller for the report “Search for Organic and Volatile Inorganic Compounds in Two Surface Samples from the Chryse Planitia Region of Mars,” published in Science 1 October 1976, pp. 72-76;

K. Biemann, T. Owen, D. R. Rushneck, A. L. Lafleur, and D. W. Howarth for the report “The Atmosphere of Mars near the Surface: Isotope Ratios and Upper Limits on Noble Gases,” published in Science 1 October 1976, pp. 76-78;

S. L. Hess, R. M. Henry, C. B. Leovy, J. A. Ryan, J. E. Tillman, T. E. Chamberlain, H. L. Cole, R. G. Dutton, G. C. Greene, W. E. Simon, and J. L. Mitchell for the report “Mars Climatology from Viking 1 After 20 Sols,” published in Science 1 October 1976, pp. 78-81;

Priestley Toulmin III, Benton C. Clark, A. K. Baird, Klaus Keil, and Harry J. Rose Jr. for the report “Preliminary Results from the Viking X-ray Fluorescence Experiment: The First Sample from Chryse Planitia, Mars,” published in Science 1 October 1976, pp. 81-84;

R. B. Hargraves, D. W. Collinson, and C. R. Spitzer for the report “Viking Magnetic Properties Investigation: Preliminary Results,” published in Science 1 October 1976, pp. 84-86;

Thomas A. Mutch, Raymond E. Arvidson, Alan B. Binder, Friedrich O. Huck, Elliott C. Levinthal, Sidney Liebes Jr., Elliot C. Morris, Dag Nummedal, James B. Pollack, and Carl Sagan for the report “Fine Particles on Mars: Observations with the Viking 1 Lander Cameras,” published in Science 1 October 1976, pp. 87-91;

Richard W. Shorthill, Henry J. Moore II, Ronald F. Scott, Robert E. Hutton, Sidney Liebes Jr., and Cary R. Spitzer for the report “The "Soil" of Mars (Viking 1),” published in Science 1 October 1976, pp. 91-97;

Laurence A. Soderblom for the report “Viking Orbital Colorimetric Images of Mars: Preliminary Results,” published in Science 1 October 1976, pp. 97-99;

Harold P. Klein, Norman H. Horowitz, Gilbert V. Levin, Vance I. Oyama, Joshua Lederberg, Alexander Rich, Jerry S. Hubbard, George L. Hobby, Patricia A. Straat, Bonnie J. Berdahl, Glenn C. Carle, Frederick S. Brown, and Richard D. Johnson for the report “The Viking Biological Investigation: Preliminary Results,” published in Science 1 October 1976, pp. 99-105;

Gerald A. Soffen for the report “Scientific Results of the Viking Missions,” published in Science 17 December 1976, pp. 1274-1276;

T. A. Mutch, S. U. Grenander, K. L. Jones, W. Patterson, R. E. Arvidson, E. A. Guinness, P. Avrin, C. E. Carlston, A. B. Binder, C. Sagan, E. W. Dunham, P. L. Fox, D. C. Pieri, F. O. Huck, C. W. Rowland, G. R. Taylor, S. D. Wall, R. Kahn, E. C. Levinthal, S. Liebes Jr., R. B. Tucker, E. C. Morris, J. B. Pollack, R. S. Saunders, and M. R. Wolf for the report “The Surface of Mars: The View from the Viking 2 Lander,” published in Science 17 December 1976, pp. 1277-1283;

Benton C. Clark, A. K. Baird, Harry J. Rose Jr., Priestley Toulmin III, Klaus Keil, Angelo J. Castro, Warren C. Kelliher, Catherine D. Rowe, and Peter H. Evans for the report “Inorganic Analyses of Martian Surface Samples at the Viking Landing Sites,” published in Science 17 December 1976, pp. 1283-1288;

A. K. Baird, Priestley Toulmin III, Benton C. Clark, Harry J. Rose Jr., Klaus Keil, Ralph P. Christian, and James L. Gooding for the report “Mineralogic and Petrologic Implications of Viking Geochemical Results From Mars: Interim Report,” published in Science 17 December 1976, pp. 1288-1293;

T. Owen, K. Biemann, D. R. Rushneck, J. E. Biller, D. W. Howarth, and A. L. Lafleur for the report “The Atmosphere of Mars: Detection of Krypton and Xenon,” published in Science 17 December 1976, pp. 1293-1295;

Michael B. McElroy, T. Y. Kong, Yuk Ling Yung, and Alfred O. Nier for the report “Composition and Structure of the Martian Upper Atmosphere: Analysis of Results from Viking,” published in Science 17 December 1976, pp. 1295-1298;

Alfred O. Nier and Michael B. McElroy for the report “Structure of the Neutral Upper Atmosphere of Mars: Results from Viking 1 and Viking 2,” published in Science 17 December 1976, pp. 1298-1300;

Alvin Seiff and Donn B. Kirk for the report “Structure of Mars' Atmosphere up to 100 Kilometers from the Entry Measurements of Viking 2,” published in Science 17 December 1976, pp. 1300-1303;

R. B. Hargraves, D. W. Collinson, R. E. Arvidson, and Cary R. Spitzer for the report “Viking Magnetic Properties Investigation: Further Results,” published in Science 17 December 1976, pp. 1303-1309;

Richard W. Shorthill, Henry J. Moore II, Robert E. Hutton, Ronald F. Scott, and Cary R. Spitzer for the report “The Environs of Viking 2 Lander,” published in Science 17 December 1976, pp. 1309-1318;

Don L. Anderson, Frederick K. Duennebier, Gary V. Latham, M. Fafi Toksöz, Robert L. Kovach, Tony C. D. Knight, Andrew R. Lazarewicz, Wayne F. Miller, Yosio Nakamura, and George Sutton for the report “The Viking Seismic Experiment,” published in Science 17 December 1976, pp. 1318-1321;

N. H. Horowitz, G. L. Hobby, and J. S. Hubbard for the report “The Viking Carbon Assimilation Experiments: Interim Report,” published in Science 17 December 1976, pp. 1321-1322;

Gilbert V. Levin and Patricia Ann Straat for the report “Viking Labeled Release Biology Experiment: Interim Results,” published in Science 17 December 1976, pp. 1322-1329;

James A. Cutts, Karl R. Blasius, Geoffrey A. Briggs, Michael H. Carr, Ronald Greeley, and Harold Masursky for the report “North Polar Region of Mars: Imaging Results from Viking 2,” published in Science 17 December 1976, pp. 1329-1337;

W. H. Michael Jr., A. P. Mayo, W. T. Blackshear, R. H. Tolson, G. M. Kelly, J. P. Brenkle, D. L. Cain, G. Fjeldbo, D. N. Sweetnam, R. B. Goldstein, P. E. MacNeil, R. D. Reasenberg, I. I. Shapiro, T. I. S. Boak III, M. D. Grossi, and C. H. Tang for the report “Mars Dynamics, Atmospheric and Surface Properties: Determination from Viking Tracking Data,” published in Science 17 December 1976, pp. 1337-1339;

Crofton B. Farmer, Donald W. Davies, and Daniel D. Laporte for the report “Mars: Northern Summer Ice Cap—Water Vapor Observations from Viking 2,” published in Science 17 December 1976, pp. 1339-1341;

Hugh H. Kieffer, Stillman C. Chase Jr., Terry Z. Martin, Ellis D. Miner, and Frank Don Palluconi for the report “Martian North Pole Summer Temperatures: Dirty Water Ice,” published in Science 17 December 1976, pp. 1341-1344;

Hugh H. Kieffer for the report “Soil and Surface Temperatures at the Viking Landing Sites,” published in Science 17 December 1976, pp. 1344-1346;

Hugh H. Kieffer, Philip R. Christensen, Terry Z. Martin, Ellis D. Miner, and Frank D. Palluconi for the report “Temperatures of the Martian Surface and Atmosphere: Viking Observation of Diurnal and Geometric Variations,” published in Science 17 December 1976, pp. 1346-1351; and

S. L. Hess, R. M. Henry, C. B. Leovy, J. L. Mitchell, J. A. Ryan, and J. E. Tillman for the report “Early Meteorological Results from the Viking 2 Lander,” published in Science 17 December 1976, pp. 1352-1353.

 

Prior to 1975 the Prize was awarded to the author(s) of noteworthy papers, representing an outstanding contribution to science, presented in a regular session, sectional or societal, during the AAAS Annual Meeting.

1974

Amos Nur for the paper “Origin of Velocity Changes before Earthquakes: The Dilatancy Diffusion Hypothesis and Its Confirmation.”

1972

Bruce Carlson for the paper "Morphogenetic Interactions between Skin and Underlying Tissues during Limb Regeneration."

1971

Alan Gelperin for the paper "Neural Control Systems of Underlying Insect Feeding Behavior."

1970

James W. Truman for the paper "The Eclosion Hormone: Its Release by the Brain and Its Action on the Central Nervous Systems of Silkmoths."

1969

Cornelia P. Channing for the paper "Control of Luteinization in Granulosa Cell Cultures."

1968

Joel L. Rosenbaum for the paper "Control of Protein Synthesis in Flagellar Growth."

1967

Edward O. Wilson for the paper "Recent Advances in Chemical Communication," and

Thomas Eisner for the paper "Cross-Specific Chemical Communication."

1966

Michael K. Reedy for the paper "Cross Bridges and Periods in Insect Flight Muscle."

1965

David S. Hogness for the paper "The Structure and Function of the DNA from Bacteriophage Lambda."

1964

John Papaconstantinou for the paper "Protein and Nucleic Acid Changes in the Differentiation of Lens Cells.”

1963

Jonathan W. Uhr for the paper "The Heterogeneity of the Immune Response.”

1962

J. F. Evernden and Garness H. Curtis for the paper "The Dating of Early Man and His Cultures by the Potassium-Argon Method.”

1961

Richard D. Alexander for the paper "The Role of Behavioral Study in Cricket Classification.”

1960

Halton C. Arp for the paper "The Stellar Content of Galaxies.”

1959

Edward Anders for the paper "Meteorites and Asteroids.”

1958

Jerzy Neyman and Elizabeth L. Scott for the paper "On Certain Stochastic Models of Population Dynamical Phenomena.”

1957

Martin Schwarzchild, J. B. Rogerson, and J. W. Evans for the paper "Solar Photographs from 80,000 Feet."

1956

Neal E. Miller for the paper "Learning and Performance Motivated by Direct Stimulation of the Brain,” and

James Olds for the paper "Effects of Hunger, Sex, and Tranquilizers on Localized Reward Systems in the Brain.”

1955

Seymour S. Cohen for the paper "Molecular Bases of the Parasitism of Some Bacterial Viruses.”

1954

Daniel H. Alpert for the paper "Experiments at Very Low Pressures.”

1953

Barry Commoner for the paper "Studies on the Biosynthesis of Tobacco Mosaic Virus.”

1952

A. M. Gleason for the paper “Natural Coordinate Systems.”

1951

J. Lawrence Kulp for the paper “Natural Radiocarbon Measurements.”

1950

Carroll M. Williams for the following papers:

William Van der Kloot and Carroll M. Williams “An experimental analysis of the spinning behavior of the Cecropia silkworm,”

Howard A. Schneiderman, Ned Feder, and Carroll M. Williams “The respiration of the Cecropia silkworm in the presence of high pressures of carbon monoxide,” and

Janet V. Passonneau and Carroll M. Williams “The moulting-fluid of the Cecropia silkworm.”

1949

Armin C. Braun for the paper "Thermal Inactivation Study on the Tumor-inducing Principle in Crown Gall.”

1947

Harrison S. Brown for the paper "Elements in Meteorites and the Earth's Origin.”

1946

T. M. Sonneborn, Winifred Jacobson, and Ruth V. Dippell for the paper “Paramecin 51, an antibiotic produced by Paramecium Aurelia; amounts released from killers and taken up by sensitives; conditions protecting sensitives,”

T. M. Sonneborn and Ruth V. Dippell for the paper “The significance of race 31 as a link between group A and B varieties of P. aurelia,” and

Quentin M. Geiman and Ralph W. McKee for the paper "Cultural Studies on the Nutrition of Malarial Parasites.”

1941

Dugald E. S. Brown, Frank H. Johnson, and Douglas A. Marsland for the paper “The reversible denaturation of enzymes as a determining factor in the reaction of biological systems to temperature and pressure” and

Frank H. Johnson, Dugald E. S. Brown, and Douglas A. Marsland for the paper “The mechanism of temperature and hydrostatic pressure reversal of narcosis in luminous bacteria.”

1940

Dennis R. Hoagland and Daniel I. Arnon for the paper "Availability of Nutrients with Special Reference to Physiological Aspects.”

1939

I. I. Rabi for the paper "Radio Frequency Spectra of Atoms and Molecules.”

1938

Norman R. F. Maier for the paper "Experimentally Produced Neurotic Behavior in the Rat.”

1937

Philip R. White for the paper "Root Pressure: An Unappreciated Force in Sap Movement.”

1936

Wendell M. Stanley for the paper "Chemical Studies of the Virus of Tobacco Mosaic.”

1935

P. W. Zimmerman and A. E. Hitchcock for the paper "The Initiation and Growth of Secondary Roots Induced by Growth Substances.”

1934

Vern O. Knudsen for the paper "The Absorption of Sound in Gases.”

1933

Reuben L. Kahn for the paper "Tissue Reactions in Immunity.”

1932

Henry Eyring for the paper "Quantum Mechanics of Conjugate Double Bonds.”

1931

Carl Caskey Speidel for the paper "Studies of Living Nerves II. Activities of Amoeboid Growth Cones, Sheath Cells and Myelin Segments, as Revealed by Prolonged Observation of Individual Fibers in Frog Tadpoles.”

1930

M. A. Tuve, L. R. Hafstad, and O. Dahl for the paper "Experiments with High Voltage Tubes.”

1929

Arthur J. Dempster for the paper “Reflection of Protons from Crystals.”

1928

Oliver Kamm for the paper "Hormones from the Pituitary Gland.”

1927

H. J. Muller for the paper "Effects of X-Radiation on Genes and Chromosomes.”

1926

George David Birkhoff for the paper "A Mathematical Critique of Some Physical Theories.”

1925

Dayton C. Miller for the paper "The Michelson-Morley Ether Drift Experiment, its History and Significance.”

1924

Edwin P. Hubble for the paper "Cepheids in Spiral Nebulae,” and

L. R. Cleveland for the papers “The ability of termites to live perhaps indefinitely on a diet of pure cellulose” and “The effects of starvation and oxygenation on the symbiosis between termites and their intestinal protozoa, together with the toxicity of oxygen for free-living and parasitic protozoa.”

1923

Leonard Eugene Dickson for the paper "On the Theory of Numbers and Generalized Quarternions.”

 

 

 

For More Information

Jessica L. Slater, PhD
Newcomb Cleveland Prize Coordinator
Science Editorial Office
1200 New York Avenue, NW, Room 1044
Washington, DC 20005

Phone 202-326-6675
Email: jslater@aaas.org