Science Diplomacy: An Introduction

8. Science for Diplomacy

9. Science in Diplomacy
KRISTINA GJERDE, Adjunct Profesor, MIIS

10. Transboundary Resources and Shared Spaces
GOSIA SMIESZEK, Researcher, Arctic Centre

11. Climate Change as a Threat Multiplier 
SHERRI GOODMAN, Senior Fellow, Wilson Center
CHRISTINE GREENE, Cultural Ambassador, Pacific Rising 
GREG STONE, EVP & Chief Scientist for Oceans, Conservation International

12. Putting Science Diplomacy in Practice 
ROMAN MACAYA, Costa Rican Ambassador to the U.S. 

Learn how this course will help you understand the interaction of science and diplomacy in practice. By the end, you'll recognize the roles of scientists, diplomats, and other societal actors. You'll also come to realize that science diplomacy is more than the sum of its parts.

Why is science important for diplomacy? Learn about how and why the Antarctic Treaty is an excellent example. 

EXAMPLES OF SCIENCE DIPLOMACY
The Antarctic Treaty, 1959

​RESOURCES

• Nichols, Rodney W. “Why Diplomacy and Science Need Each Other.” Foreign Affairs, Jun. 25, 2015. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2015-06-25/hardly-academic
• Turekian, Vaughan C. et al. “The Emergence of Science Diplomacy.” In Science Diplomacy: New Day or False Dawn?, Lloyd S. Davis and Robert G. Patman, eds. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2015.
• Copeland, Daryl. “Bridging the Chasm,” Science & Dipomacy, Sept 2015. http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/bridging-chasm
• Turekian, Vaughan and Teruo Kishi. “Science and Technology Advising in Today’s Foreign Policy.” Science & Diplomacy, March 2017. http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective
• Gual Soler, Marga. Slate, http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense

What do we mean when we say 'diplomacy'? Science is a process for pursuing answers, while diplomacy is a process for for dialogue and cooperation between countries and citizens. By integrating the two, we can face challenges and take opportunities to advance humanity. 

KEY TERMS
State actor: An individual or institution that acts on behalf of a government and is authorized to make decisions and communicate with other governments in an official capacity. In international relations, these are known as "traditional diplomats" and include foreign ministers as well as ambassadors and diplomats.
Non-state actor: An individual or organization that has significant political influence but is not allied to any particular government. These include private citizens, NGOs, universities, civil society groups, and private companies.

​RESOURCES

• AAAS Science & Technology Policy Fellowships: https://www.aaas.org/program/science-technology-policy-fellowships
• National Intelligence Council/Eurasia Group, “Nonstate Actors: Impact on International Relations and Implications for the United States.” https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/nonstate_actors_2007.pdf
• Van Langenhove, Luk. “Global Science Diplomacy for Multilateralism 2.0,” Science & Diplomacy, Dec 2016. http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/article/2016/global-science-diplomacy-for-multilateralism-20
• Zarei, Mohammad H. and Azar Safari. “The Status of Non-State Actors under the International Rule of Law: A Search for Global Justice.” Institute for Cultural Diplomacy, 2014. http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/content/pdf/participant-papers/

The term 'science diplomacy' is relatively new. It's been used for less than a decade. However, diplomacy and science have intertwined throughout the ages.

EXAMPLES OF SCIENCE DIPLOMACY
The Apollo-Soyuz Mission, 1975 (“Handshake in space”)

RESOURCES

• Turekian, Vaughan and Norman Neureiter. “Science and Diplomacy: The Past as Prologue.” Science & Diplomacy, March 2012. http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/editorial/2012/science-and-diplomacy
• Polynesian Wayfinding. http://www.hokulea.com/education-at-sea/polynesian-navigation/polynesian-non-instrument-wayfinding/
• The Silk Road (UNESCO): Science and Technology. http://en.unesco.org/silkroad/themes/science-and-technology
• de Bustinza, Victor Palleja. “How Early Islamic Science Advanced Medicine.” National Geography History, Dec. 2016. http://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history
• Poliakoff, Martyn. “The Royal Society, the Foreign Secretary, and International Relations.” Science & Diplomacy, March 2015. http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/
• History: Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs. https://pugwash.org/history/
• Hindle, Brooke. “Science and the American Revolution.” The Journal of General Education, Fall 1976, pp. 223-236. https://www.jstor.org/
• “Apollo-Soyuz: An Orbital Partnership Begins.” NASA, Jul. 10, 2015. https://www.nasa.gov/topics/history/features/astp.html

How are science and diplomacy changing in the modern world? 

EXAMPLES OF SCIENCE DIPLOMACY
The International Space Station
Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA)

RESOURCES

• Weiss, Thomas G., D. Conor Seyle and Kelsey Coolidge. “The Rise of Non-State Actors in Global Governance: Opportunities and Limitations.” One Earth Future Foundation, 2013. http://acuns.org
• Turekian, Vaughan. “Evolving Institutions for Twenty-First Century (Science) Diplomacy.” Science & Diplomacy, Jun. 2015. http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/editorial/
• Mauduit, Jean-Christophe. “Open Skies Policies in Astronomy: The Growing Need for Diplomacy on the Final Frontier.” Science & Diplomacy, June 2017. http://www.sciencediplomacy.org
• Glass, Roger I. “Diplomacy: a powerful force to improve global health.” Fogarty International Center News, Jul./Aug. 2015. https://www.fic.nih.gov/News/GlobalHealthMatters
• Greenwood, Lauren. “The WHO and Zika: Not Making the Same Mistakes.” Journal of Diplomacy, Feb. 3, 2016. http://blogs.shu.edu/diplomacy/2016/02/the-who-and-zika-not-making-the-same-mistakes/
• Sonenshine, Tara. “Ebola: An Opportunity for Public Diplomacy.” The Globalist, Aug. 4, 2014. https://www.theglobalist.com/ebola-an-opportunity-for-public-diplomacy/

Learn about the three-part framework for science diplomacy: 

• Diplomacy for science
• Science for Diplomacy
• Science in Diplomacy

KEY TERMS
Diplomacy for Science: Diplomacy that facilitates international cooperation in order to advance scientific goals. This role often refers to flagship international projects in which nations come together to collaborate on high-cost, high-risk scientific projects that otherwise could not be conducted. But it also refers to the set of policies, such as those governing international travel, visas, and permit acquisition, that facilitate international science cooperation.

EXAMPLES OF SCIENCE DIPLOMACY
CERN & the Large Hadron Collider
Square Kilometer Array (SKA)
SESAME

RESOURCES

• The History of CERN. https://timeline.web.cern.ch/timelines/The-history-of-CERN
• Science & Diplomacy: International Research and Large-Scale Infrastructures Education Resource. http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/
• Strohschneider, Peter. “The Importance of International Research Cooperation: Reflections from Germany.” Science & Diplomacy, December 2016. http://www.sciencediplomacy.org
• Overbye, Dennis. “A Light for Science, and Cooperation, in the Middle East.” The New York Times, May 8, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/
• Kamel, Gihan. “How a Mediterranean Wanderer Joined SESAME.” Science & Diplomacy, Sept. 2016. http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/

KEY TERMS
Science for Diplomacy: Scientific cooperation can improve international relations. It draws on the universal language of science to engage countries, reinforce relationships, and ease tensions in situations of political strain.
Soft power: Global influence accrued when non-state, culturally attractive factors may predispose people to sympathize with a foreign culture based on affinity for its products and values. It’s also known as “hearts and minds” diplomacy.

EXAMPLES OF SCIENCE DIPLOMACY
East German scientists at CERN
International Space Station
AAAS partnership with the Cuban Academy of Sciences

​RESOURCES

• Stange, Thomas. “How European physics reached across the Wall.” CERN Courier, No. 1, 2002. http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28741
• Schopper, Herwig. “Chapter 12: Bringing Nations Together,” in LEP -- The Lord of the Collider Rings at CERN, 1980-2000. London: Springer, 2009. Available at: https://books.google.com/
• Anderson, Jon Lee. “Cuba’s Ebola Diplomacy.” The New Yorker, Nov. 4, 2014. http://www.newyorker.com/
• Payette, Julie. “Research and Diplomacy 350 Kilometers Above the Earth.” Science & Diplomacy, Dec. 2012. http://www.sciencediplomacy.org
• Boom, Brian M. “Biodiversity Without Borders.” Science & Diplomacy, Sept. 2012. http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/article/2012/biodiversity-without-borders
• Hammond, James. “Understanding Volcanoes in Isolated Locations.” Science & Diplomacy, March 2016. http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2016/understanding-volcanoes-in-isolated-locations
• Wren, Kathy. "Science Diplomacy Visit to Cuba Produces Historic Agreement." AAAS, April 2014. https://www.aaas.org/news/science-diplomacy-visit-cuba-produces-historic-agreement

KEY TERMS
Science in Diplomacy: Science can inform diplomatic decisions or agreements. For example, a scientific study can set out the relevant evidence to help solve a disagreement between two countries, or can provide benchmarks by which international treaties are regulated.
Transboundary Resources: Physical and/or biological resources that cross national boundaries. These can include migratory wildlife and water.

EXAMPLES OF SCIENCE DIPLOMACY

The Iran Nuclear Deal, 2015
The Paris Agreement on Climate Change, 2015
United Nations Fish Stocks Review, 2010

​RESOURCES

• Wolfe, Audra. “When Scientists Do What Diplomats Can’t.” The Atlantic, Sep. 26, 2015. https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2015/09/science-diplomacy/
• Gluckman, Peter D. “Science Advice to Governments.” Science & Diplomacy, June 2016. http://www.sciencediplomacy.org
• Sato, Yasushi, Hirokazu Koi, and Tateo Arimoto. “Building the Foundations for Scientific Advice in the International Context.” Science & Diplomacy, Sept. 2014. http://www.sciencediplomacy.org
• Ciferri, Orio. “For Science Attaches, It’s Pinstripes, Not Lab Coats.” The Scientist, Jun. 1, 1987. http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/8709/title/For-Science-Attaches--It-s-Pinstripes--Not-Lab-Coats/
• Meyer, Robinson. “A Reader’s Guide to the Paris Agreement.” The Atlantic, Dec. 16, 2015. https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2015/12/a-readers-guide-to-the-paris-agreement/420345/
• Turekian, Vaughan and Teruo Kishi. “Science and Technology Advising in Today’s Foreign Policy.” Science & Diplomacy, March 2017. http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective

Explore how science diplomacy is crucial in territories and spaces that lie outside of any nation. 

KEY TERMS
Global Commons: Unowned, supranational resources or domains. These include the high seas, outer space, the atmosphere, and Antarctica.
Shared Spaces: Contiguous areas that fall under the jurisdiction of two or more nations.
Recall: Transboundary Resources: Physical and/or biological resources that cross national boundaries. These can include wildlife and water.

RESOURCES

• Science & Diplomacy: Transboundary Issues and Shared Spaces Education Resource. http://www.sciencediplomacy.org
• Berkman, Paul. “Stability and Peace in the Arctic Ocean through Science Diplomacy.” Science & Diplomacy, June 2014. http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/
• Science Diplomacy: Antarctica, Science and the Governance of International Spaces. Berkman et al., eds, 2009. http://www.atsummit50.org/session/book.html
• Kintisch, Eli. “Cold War in a Warming Place.” Science & Diplomacy, Dec. 2015. http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/article/2015/cold-war-in-warming-place
• Kamikawa, Yoko and Tomoko Hamachi. “Japan’s Evolving Efforts Toward Sustainable Development of the Arctic.” Science & Diplomacy, Sept. 2016. http://www.sciencediplomacy.org
• Fritz, Jan-Stefan. “Observations, Diplomacy, and the Future of Ocean Governance.” Science & Diplomacy, Dec. 2016. http://www.sciencediplomacy.org

KEY TERMS
Threat Multiplier: A challenge or situation that has the potential to exacerbate other problems that may already be present.

RESOURCES

• Institute for Governance & Sustainable Development. “Climate Change a Growing ‘Threat Multiplier,’ Says Pentagon,” March 2014. http://www.igsd.org/climate-change-a-growing-threat-multiplier-says-pentagon/
• Steffen, Will. “Climate change: the ultimate threat multiplier,” Nov 2015. https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/climate-change-the-ultimate-threat-multiplier/
• Hajjar, David P. “Want to ease tensions in the Middle East? Science diplomacy can help.” Brookings Institute, Jun. 27, 2016. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/markaz/2016/06/27/want-to-ease-tensions-in-the-middle-east-science-diplomacy-can-help/
• Wendle, John. “The Ominous Story of Syria’s Climate Refugees.” Scientific American, Marcy 2016. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/ominous-story-of-syria-climate-refugees/
• Noack, Rick. “Has the era of the ‘climate change refugee’ begun?” The Washington Post, Aug. 7, 2014. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news
• Goodman, Sherri and Gordon Sullivan. “Climate change is ‘threat multiplier.’” Politico, Feb. 7, 2013. http://www.politico.com/story/2013/02/climate-change-is-threat-multiplier-087338